以太坊的5年发展历程年表及重大事件
V神（Vitalik Buterin），区块链名人—以太坊（Eth）创始人
截至2018年2月
As at February 2018
以太币是市值第二高的加密货币，以太坊亦被称为“第二代的区块链平台”，仅次于比特币。
Ether is the second-highest-market encrypted currency, also known as the “second-generation block chain platform”, after Bitcoin.
在去年超级牛市，以太坊价格更是飙升时，这个最初价格不到10美元的加密货币一路上涨了100多倍，市值占到加密货币市场总量的32%，而当时比特币这个鼻祖在加密货币总市值中的占比为39%。而且从某种程度上去讲去年加密货币市场大牛市是以太坊带动的。
At last year’s supermarket, the price of Etherton was soaring, with the original price of less than $10 rising more than 100 times, with a market value of 32% of the total value of the market, when Bitcoin’s nostalgia represented 39% of the total value of the market. And, to some extent, last year’s crypto-money market, Big Bull, was led by Taiphs.
以太坊（Ethereum）：是一个开源的有智能合约功能的公共区块链平台。通过其专用加密货币以太币（Ether，又称“以太币”）提供去中心化的虚拟机（称为“以太虚拟机”Ethereum Virtual Machine）来处理点对点合约。
Etheeum: is an open-source public block chain platform with smart contracts. A decentralised virtual machine (known as the Ether Virtual Machine) is available to handle point-to-point contracts through its exclusive encryption currency in Teen Currency (Ether, also known as the Ether Virtual Machine).
以太坊的发布分成了四个阶段，
1，即Frontier（前沿） One, or Frontier. 2，Homestead（家园） Homestead (Homeland) 3，Metropolis（大都会） Three, Metropolis. 4，Serenity（宁静），在前三个阶段以太坊共识算法采用工作量证明机制（POW），在第四阶段会切换到权益证明机制(POS）。 In the first three phases, the Workload Certification Mechanism (POW) was introduced in the Taipan Consensus algorithm, and in the fourth phase, the Proprietary Mechanism (POS) was replaced. 以太坊的发展历史及重大事件 with the development history and major events of Taiga 2013 2013年年末，以太坊创始人Vitalik Buterin发布了以太坊初版白皮书，在全球的密码学货币社区陆续召集到一批认可以太坊理念的开发者，启动了项目。 In late 2013, Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Etheria, released an initial version of the White Paper in Etheria, bringing together a group of developers from the global cryptography monetary community who recognized the Ethermian concept to launch the project. 2013年12月到2014年1月这段期间，以太坊的工作重心是如何启动Vitalik在以太坊白皮书所描绘的愿景。团队最后都认为创世纪预售是一个好主意，经过长期、多层面的讨论，为了创建一个合适的基础结构和法律策略，团队决定延期原本在2014年2月份举行的以太币预售。 In the period from December 2013 to January 2014, the focus of Ether's work was on how to activate the vision set out in Vitalik's White Paper. The team concluded that it was a good idea to pre-sell Genesis, and after a long, multi-layered discussion, the team decided to postpone the sale of Ether, originally scheduled for February 2014, in order to create an appropriate infrastructure and legal strategy. 2014 2014年2月，对于以太坊是一个非常重要的月份，以太坊的各方面都在突飞猛进：社区成长、写代码、写wiki内容、商业基础结构和法律策略。在这个月，Vitalik在迈阿密比特币会议上第一次公布了以太坊项目，并在Reddit上举办第一次“问我们任何事儿”活动，核心开发团队成为世界级的密码学货币团队。 The month of February 2014 was a very important month for Etheria, where all aspects of community growth, code writing, wiki content writing, business infrastructure, and legal strategy are moving fast. This month, Vitalik announced the Ether project for the first time at the Miami Bitcoin conference and organized the first “Ask us anything” event at Reddit, where the core development team became a world-class cryptography currency team. 2014年3月，发布了第三版测试网络（POC3），并最终将以太坊总部搬到了瑞士楚格州。 In March 2014, the third version of the testing network (POC3) was released and will eventually be moved to the canton of Chug, Switzerland, from Taipan headquarters. 2014年4月，Gavin Wood发布了以太坊黄皮书，这是以太坊的技术圣经，将以太坊虚拟机（EVM）等重要技术规格化。 In April 2014, Gavin Wood published the Etherwood Yellow Book, the technical Bible of Ether, which will be customized with important technical specifications, such as the e-Team Virtual Machine (EVM). 2014年6月，团队发布POC4，并快速向POC5前进。在这期间，团队还决定将以太坊做成一个非营利性组织。 In June 2014, the team released POC4 and moved quickly to POC5. 2014年7月，团队创建了瑞士以太坊基金会、发布了POC5，在24日开始了创世纪预售，同时在Reddit上组织了第二次“问我们任何事儿”。7月24日起，以太坊进行了为期42天的以太币预售，一共募集到31,531个比特币，根据当时的比特币价格折合1843万美元，是当时排名第二大的众筹项目。 In July 2014, the team created the Swiss Etherm Foundation, launched POC5, which began in 24 years, and organized a second “Ask us for anything” at Reddit. On July 24, the Etherm started a 42-day pre-sale in Ether, raising a total of 31,531 bitcoins, the second-largest crowd project at the price of the then bitcoin, which amounted to $18.43 million. 在预售前两周一个比特币可以买到2000个以太币，一个比特币能够买到的以太币数量随着时间递减，最后一周，一个比特币可以买到1337个以太币。最终售出的以太币的数量是60,102,216。 Two weeks before the sale, a bitcoin can buy 2,000 Ethers, a bitcoin can buy less with time, and in the last week, a bitcoin can buy 1,337 Ethers. The final amount sold is 60,102,216. 2014年的秋季是以太坊的收获季节，在代码和运营方面都取得了很大进展。 The autumn of 2014 was a harvest season for the Taikus, and much progress had been made in both code and operation. 2014年10月5日,发布了POC6。这是一个具有重要意义的版本，亮点之一是区块链速度。区块时间从60秒减少到12秒，并使用了新的基于GHOST的协议。 On 5 October 2014, POC6 was released. One of the highlights is the speed of the block chain. Block time was reduced from 60 to 12 seconds and new GEOST-based agreements were used. 2014年11月，以太坊在柏林举办了第一次小型开发者会议（DEVCON 0）。 In November 2014, Etheria organized the first Small Developers Conference (DEVCON 0) in Berlin. 2015 2015年1月，团队发布了POC7。 In January 2015, the team released POC7. 2015年2月，团队发布了POC8。 In February 2015, the team released POC8. 2015年3月，团队发布了一系列关于发布创世纪区块的声明，同时POC9也在紧张开发中。 In March 2015, the team issued a series of statements on the creation block, while POC9 is under intense development. 2015年5月，团队发布了最后一个测试网络（POC9)，代号为Olympic。为了更好地对网络进行测试，在Olympic阶段，参与测试网络的成员会获得团队给予的以太币奖励。奖励形式有多种，主要包括测试挖矿奖励和提交bug奖励。 In May 2015, the team released its last test network (POC9), code-named Olympic. In order to better test the network, members of the testing network will receive an NT reward from the team during the Olympic phase. 2015年7月，发布了正式的以太坊网络，这也标准着以太坊区块链正式运行。 In July 2015, the official Etherm Network was launched, which also standardizes the formal operation of the Etherm block chain. 2015年11月9日到13日，以太坊在伦敦举行了为期五天的开发者大会（DEVCON 1），吸引了全世界三百多名开发者参加。 A five-day Developer Conference (DEVCON 1) was held in London from 9 to 13 November 2015, bringing together more than 300 developers from around the world. 2016年3月14日（圆周率节），以太坊发了Homestead阶段。在此阶段，以太坊提供了图形界面的钱包，易用性得到极大改善，以太坊不再是开发者的专属，普通用户也可以方便地体验和使用以太坊。 On March 14th, 2016, the Homestead phase was launched in Ether. At this stage, Ether provides a graphically interfaced wallet, the ease of use is greatly improved, Ether is no longer the exclusive domain of the developers, and ordinary users can easily experience and use Ether. 2016年9月，第三次开着大会（DEVCON 2）在上海举行。 In September 2016, the third General Conference (DEVCON 2) was held in Shanghai. 2017 2017年3月1日， 企业以太坊联盟（Enterprise Ethereum Alliance，EEA）宣布成立，其称旨在创建一个企业级区块链解决方案，共同开发产业标准。 On March 1, 2017, the Enterprise Etherprise Etheeum Alliance (EEA) was inaugurated to develop industrial standards through the creation of an enterprise-level block chain solution. 2017年7月19日，美国东部时间十二点三十分左右，有黑客针对Parity钱包1.5或更高版本中存在的漏洞进行越权函数调用，发起攻击并从三个多重签名合约里一共窃取超过十五万枚以太币，按当时市值计算造成约三千万美元的损失。 On 19 July 2017, at about 12:30 p.m. Eastern U.S. Time, hackers overtook the bugs in the Partity Wallet 1.5 or higher, launched an attack and stole a total of more than 150,000 NTs from three multiple-signature contracts, resulting in a loss of about $30 million at the market value at that time. 2017年11月6日，由于开发者和用户“失误操作”意外触发的代码漏洞，使得在七月二十号后修复创建的Parity多重签名钱包全部瘫痪，导致价值超过1.54亿美元共九十三万枚以太币被冻结锁死，至今未能找回。 On 6 November 2017, the multi-signature purse created after July 20 was completely paralysed by an accidental code gap triggered by the developers and users' “fault operations”, resulting in the freezing and locking to death of over $93,000 worth of over $154 million in tamas, which has not yet been recovered. 2018 2018年9月，比特币核心开发者Jeremy Rubin在美国科技媒体TechCrunch上发表文章《ETH的崩溃无法避免》，称就算以太坊网络继续存续，ETH的价值也会必然归零。以太坊创始人Vitalik在回应中承认了问题的存在：“如果以太坊不改变，Jeremy Rubin的言论可能是对的”。此番言论造成ETH的价钱一度下挫。同时，许多以太坊的项目开始转移到EOS﹑波场等的其他公链上，有人担心以太坊将被取代。在ETH的价格影响下，以太坊的全网算力开始收缩，按etherscan.io的算力统计显示，9月到11月以太坊全网算力下跌了20％，从近300TH/s收缩至240TH/s。 In September 2018, Jeremy Rubin, a central developer of Bitcoin, published an article on TechCrunch in the US technology media, ETH’s collapse could not be avoided, stating that the value of ETH would be zero even if it continued to exist. In response, the founder of Etheria Vitalik acknowledged the problem: “If it doesn’t change, Jeremy Rubin’s words may be right.” This speech frustrated the price of ETH. At the same time, many of its projects began to move to other public chains such as EOS, the waves, and so on, fearing that it would be replaced. Under the influence of ETH’s prices, the ETH’s entire network began to shrink, according to alternativescan.io’s calculations, fell by 20 per cent from September to November, from nearly 300 TH/s to 240 TH/s. 2018年12月10日，Vitalik在推特上宣称，未来采用基于权益证明 (PoS) 的分片技术的区块链“效率将提高数千倍”。 On 10 December 2018, Vitalik tweeted that the chain of blocks “will increase thousands of times more efficiently” in the future with the introduction of the PoS-based technology. 2019 2019年，以太坊项目进行君士坦丁堡硬分叉，这是一个刺激以太坊网络改变其核心共识机制算法的代码，这一段代码启动之后以太坊便会面临所谓的“冰河时代”，在该网络上的创建新区块的难度将会不断提升，最终减慢到完全停止。在该硬分叉升级之后，以太坊区块链的状态将“永久性”的改变。 In 2019, the ETA project launched the Constantinople hard fork, a code that stimulates the ETA network to change its core consensus system algorithms, which, when activated, will face the so-called “ice age” and the difficulty of creating new blocks on the network will increase and eventually slow down to a complete halt. After this hard fork upgrade, the state of the ETA block chain will be “permanent” changed. 硬分叉 hard fork 自最初版本以来，以太坊网络成功进行了数次硬分叉。第一次分叉调整了未来挖矿的难度，确保未来的用户会有转换至权益证明的动机。当前第五个分叉正在开发中。 Since the original version, the Etherm network has made several hard forks. The first fork has adjusted the difficulty of future mining to ensure that future users have the incentive to switch to proof of interest. The fifth fork is currently being developed. 第二次分叉：家园 Second fork: Home 2016年春季进行了第二次分叉，发布了第一个稳定版本，称作“家园”（Homestead）。 A second break took place in the spring of 2016, with the first stable version known as Homestead. 第三次分叉：DAO和区块链分叉 Third fork: DAO and block chain fork 2016年六月，以太坊上的一个去中心化自治组织 The DAO 被骇，造成市值五千万美元的以太币被移动到只有该黑客可以控制的“分身DAO”。因为程序不允许黑客立即提取这些以太币，以太坊用户有时间讨论如何处理此事，考虑的方案包括取回以太币和关闭DAO，而DAO去中心化的本质也表示没有中央权力可以立即反应，而需要用户的共识。最后在2016年7月20日，以太坊进行硬分叉，作出一个向后不兼容的改变，让所有的以太币（包括被移动的）回归原处，而不接受此改变的区块链则成为古典以太坊（Ethereum Classic）。这是第一次有主流区块链为了补偿投资人，而透过分叉来更动交易记录。 In June 2016, the DAO, a decentralised self-governing organization in the Taiwan, was horrified, resulting in the move of the $50 million Ether into a “subdirectional DAO” that only the hacker could control. Since the program does not allow hackers to immediately extract the Ethercopics, the users of the Etheraya have time to discuss how to deal with the matter, considering options such as taking the Ethercopics back and closing the DAO, and the centralization of the DAO also means that there is no central authority to react immediately, but requires consensus among users. 在这次分叉之后，造成了在两个区块链之间进行重放攻击的可能，加上其他网络攻击，让以太坊和古典以太坊又各自进行了数次分叉来避免攻击。 This split-off created the possibility of renewed attacks between the two block chains, coupled with other cyberattacks, allowing the Ether and the classical to avoid attacks several times in each case. 第四次分叉：减重和防DDoS Fourth fork: weight reduction and DDoS protection 2016年11月底进行了第四次的分叉。这次分叉为区块链减重（de-bloat），并加入一些避免网络攻击的设计。因为沟通疏失，这次分叉短暂造成以太坊的两个主要客户端程序 Parity 和 Geth 失去共识而产生意外的分叉，但问题在数小时内即被找出并修正。 The fourth fork took place at the end of November 2016. This fork was a de-bloat and included a number of designs to avoid cyberattacks. This fork briefly caused two major Ether client programs, Parity and Geth, to lose consensus, but problems were identified and corrected within hours.
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