为什么用法定货币买矿机可退钱 用USDT就会败诉?

币圈资讯 阅读:65 2024-04-22 12:54:37 评论:0
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引言

2021年是币圈牛市的一年,也是大量小白冲进币圈买矿机挖矿的一年。根据《民事诉讼法》的规定,民事案件的诉讼时效是3年。回首再看,2021至今已过去两年有余!

今天和大家分享的案例,是2023年8月新鲜出炉的一例矿机买卖合同纠纷。本案一审投资者(买方)胜诉,二审却改判矿商(卖方)胜诉。如果你是一名投资者,莫慌,郭律师会在结尾处分析买方如何胜诉。不知道你是否还记得“深圳挖矿第一案”,上面这张图就是郭律师代理的“深圳挖矿第一案”的终审判决结果。自从2022年“深圳挖矿第一案”(指2021年9月24日《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》出台后深圳第一例已判决的虚拟货币挖矿类案件)判决后,基本奠定了深圳地区虚拟货币挖矿合同纠纷类案件的判决趋势。

在此之后,虽然也有2023年1月份最高院出台的《全国法院金融审判工作会议纪要(征求意见稿)》(以下简称《金融审判纪要》)的进一步规定,即根据《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》出台的时间节点为判断合同是否有效的依据,同时考虑过错责任。

《会议纪要》第85条原文:【与“挖矿”有关的纠纷】虚拟货币“挖矿”是指通过专用“矿机”计算生产虚拟货币的过程。从案件审理情况看,因“挖矿”引发的纠纷可以概括为两种类型,一种是当事人为通过挖矿活动获取虚拟货币,购买、租赁生产虚拟货币的矿机,因矿机价款支付发生纠纷;一种是融合了矿机买卖、合作分成或托管服务等多重法律关系的合作模式,如当事人双方共同出资购买挖矿机并约定在取得虚拟货币后进行分成,后因卖方未交货或者未分成形成纠纷。“挖矿”活动因其能源消耗和碳排放量大,对国民经济贡献度低,对产业发展、科技进步等带动作用有限等原因,逐渐受到严格管控和有序清退。人民法院审理案件,应根据不同时期公共政策对合同履行的影响程度,合理平衡当事人之间的权利义务关系。在《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》(2021 年 9 月 3 日)发布之前,国家政策并未明确禁止挖矿活动。对此前当事人约定买卖、租赁、保管“矿机”或附加提供相关运营管理、技术开发等服务的合同,诉讼中又以合同标的物或合同目的违法为由请求确认无效的,人民法院不予支持。如因政策出台导致合同嗣后履行不能,一方当事人提出解除合同,人民法院应予支持。合同解除后,尚未履行的,终止履行;已经履行的,根据履行情况和合同性质,当事人可以请求恢复原状或采取其他补救措施,并有权请求赔偿损失。对 2021 年 9 月 3 日之后当事人约定买卖、租赁、保管“矿机”或附加提供相关运营管理、技术开发等服务的合同,人民法院应当认定合同无效。案件审理中,一方起诉请求确认合同有效并请求继续履行合同,另一方主张合同无效的,或者一方起诉请求确认合同无效并返还财产,而另一方主张合同有效的,人民法院应向原告释明变更或者增加诉讼请求,或者向被告释明提出同时履行抗辩,尽可能一次性解决纠纷。当事人按照释明变更诉讼请求或者提出抗辩的,人民法院应当将其归纳为案件争议焦点,组织当事人充分举证、质证。

不过就当郭律师以为全国的此类判决会趋于一致的时候,一个来自深圳市中级人民法院的二审判决却并没有完全完全参考最高院的《金融审判纪要》,当然这也没有必然的错误,毕竟当下的《金融审判纪要》还处于征求意见阶段,尚未完全生效,不过由此也可以看出深圳的判决还是很有自己的“调性”的。当然,这个案件从郭律师代理的被告(矿商)的角度来看郭律师仍然是胜诉的,不过即使郭律师是胜诉方,也依然认为有一些判决的法律依据仍然有待商榷。我们先来看看具体情况吧。

一、基本案情

2021年4月18日,原告与被告(矿商)签订《CHIA服务器托管协议》,约定被告向原告提供3P算力的服务器托管服务,对价为87万元人民币。合同签订后原告立即向被告支付了127008枚USDT(折合人民币87万元,双方对此都认可)。事后,被告仅于2021年6月9日交付了800T的算力,且该算力仅维护了一个多月便停止所有交付。2021年9月2日,原告将矿商起诉至深圳市罗湖区人民法院,要求矿商退还87万购机款。2022年3月,罗湖法院一审判决原告胜诉,被告应退还原告人民币87万元。随后,郭律师代表被告上诉,最终二审改判被告(矿商)胜诉。

二、核心争议焦点——USDT能否折算为人民币

综合一审和二审的辩论内容和判决书的内容,本案最主要的核心争议焦点,就是虚拟货币是否能够折算为人民币。原告一方认为可以折算,郭律师代表的被告一方则认为不可以折算。

在本案一审时,国内并没有任何一部法律规定虚拟货币不可以折算为人民币,虽然有《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》(简称《94公告》)和《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》(简称《924通知》)规定了任何平台不得从事法定货币与代币、虚拟货币相互之间的兑换业务,不得买卖或作为中央对手方买卖代币或虚拟货币,不得为代币或虚拟货币提供定价、信息中介等服务。但并没有直接规定虚拟货币不具有价值,且这两份文件并不属于法律规定,仅仅是政策性文件而已。与此同时,矿商一方在交易的时候,还在聊天记录中确认了127008枚USDT等同于87万元人民币的说法,也就是说对于虚拟货币价格的锚定标准也有了。于是,一审法院才会判决被告退还原告87万元人民币。

但在本案二审时,二审法院经过郭律师的多次沟通,则认为“一审法院判决被告向原告返还人民币 87 万元,实质上是变相支持了虚拟货币与法定货币之间的兑付和交易”,支持了郭律师的观点。

为什么一审和二审的区别这么大?其实这里还有一个小插曲。2022年12月30日(一审开庭后),最高院发布了第199号指导性案例《高哲宇与深圳市云丝路创新发展基金企业、李斌申请撤销仲裁裁决案》,该案正好也是深圳市中级人民法院办理的案件,其中原文明确提到“涉案仲裁裁决高哲宇赔偿李斌与比特币等值的美元,再将美元折算成人民币,实质上是变相支持了比特币与法定货币之间的兑付、交易,与上述文件精神不符,违背了社会公共利益,该仲裁裁决应予撤销。”这个案例能被定为指导案例并不意外,因为这个案例本就是报请最高院核准后才由深圳市中院最终裁定的。此外,本案系发生在深圳挖矿第一案后,已有深圳挖矿第一案为本案提供了相同的理论依据。

因此,本案当郭律师向合议庭提交了深圳挖矿第一案的判例,以及第199号指导案例后,二审也就基本锁定了胜诉。

三、本案的两处槽点

虽然郭律师代理的矿商最终大获全胜,但本案的审理过程中仍然存在两个重要的槽点,着实让人不吐不快。

槽点一:法院想当然的认为挖矿合同必然无效

虽然原被告双方都没有对合同无效展开辩论(郭律师站在被告角度,合同无效是最有利的,但站在原告角度提无效其实有点捡了芝麻丢了西瓜的意思,最后再分析)。但两审法院仍然应当依职权来认定合同是否有效。

本案中,二审法院并没有就合同是否有效发表意见。而一审法院也并没有向以往一样引用2021年9月24日发布的另一个文件《关于整治虚拟货币“挖矿”活动的通知》为依据,而是以《924通知》为依据,认为双方的行为属于非法金融活动,所以无效。至于为什么双方的行为就属于非法金融活动,并未展开论述。这里补充一个知识点,《924通知》确实规定了所有的虚拟货币业务活动均属于非法金融活动,但难道涉及虚拟货币的就都是业务活动?就直接认定无效吗?

此外,双方合同签订于2021年的4月底,而国家打击挖矿最早也是2021年的5月底。明确定义为高耗能产业则是2021年的9月24日。以未来的政策性文件,判过往的案件事实,明显不合理。再结合《金融审判纪要》的规定,至少也应当以2021年9月3日为一个时间节点来认定。所以,抛开代理律师的身份,郭律师仍然认为本案判决合同无效有待商榷。

槽点二:法院没有着重审查双方对于合同的履行情况

若合同有效,双方的履行情况则反映了双方应当承担的责任大小。若合同无效,根据《民法典》第157条的规定,也应根据双方过错大小和损失大小来划分责任。因此,不论合同是否有效,合同的履行情况,都应当是本案的重点审查对象。但本案两审法院均仅局限于虚拟货币是否应当折现这一问题上,完全无视了双方的履行情况和过错责任的问题。如此才造成了一方完胜或一方完败的两次极端判决。

且实际情况而言,原被告双方也确实都存在诸多严重的过错。当然,开庭的时候郭律师作为“稳赢”的一方,已经没必要和对方在这一点上纠结了,如果纠结了反而还要亏损一部分。但法院却仍然有义务依职权查明合同履行情况。四、如果代理原告——原告如何胜诉

虽然本案最终判决结果是被告(矿商)胜诉,但原告真的就没有希望了吗?当然不是,作为代理原告被告均多次胜诉的律师,胜诉仍然有法可依。

如果郭律师代理的是原告,郭律师可能并不会上来就直接提起民事诉讼,而是会先尝试和矿商谈判协商或刑事控告。具体可以百度一下“退款四步法”,也可以在往期内容查看此类成功案例。

如果郭律师代理的是原告,郭律师一定会坚持主张合同有效,不会因为有“深圳挖矿第一案”、“北京挖矿第一案”等诸多合同无效的判决就默认合同无效。毕竟最高院的《金融审判纪要》都还没放弃,你放弃什么呢?只要合同有效,矿商未履行合同,就应当赔偿。

如果郭律师代理的是原告,郭律师一定会着重举证证明矿商未完全履行合同义务,以及矿商存在的过错责任。这样一来,不论合同是否有效,矿商都应当承担相应的责任。

如果郭律师代理的是原告,如果是用USDT等虚拟货币作为付款方式的,郭律师在诉讼请求中一定不会要求将USDT折算为人民币,而是会要求对方返还对应数量的虚拟货币。这样一来,即使虚拟货币当前无法执行,但未来一但放开执行,判决是永远都会有效的。要知道《金融审判纪要》第87条已经为虚拟货币的执行开了一道口子,未来还会远吗?至少比要求折算导致一败涂地强吧。

所以,如果你是原告,懂了吗?


Introduction: The year of 2008 is a bull market in the currency circle, and it is also a year when a large number of white people rushed into the currency circle to buy mining machines. According to the provisions of the Civil Procedure Law, the statute of limitations for civil cases is to look back on the year. It has been more than two years since then. The case I shared with you today is a dispute over a mining machine sales contract that was newly released in January. In this case, the investor won the case in the first instance, but the buyer won the case in the second instance, but the miner's seller won the case. If you are an investor, lawyer Mo panic Guo will analyze how the buyer won the case at The above picture shows the final judgment result of the first case of Shenzhen mining represented by lawyer Guo. Since the first case of Shenzhen mining refers to the announcement of rectifying virtual currency mining activities on January, 2000, the judgment of the first case of virtual currency mining in Shenzhen has basically laid the judgment trend of virtual currency mining contract disputes in Shenzhen. After that, although there is also a draft for comments on the minutes of the national court financial trial work conference issued by the Supreme Court in January, 2000, it is as follows. According to the further provisions of the minutes of financial trial, that is, according to the time node of the notice on rectifying virtual currency mining activities, the validity of the contract is judged, and the fault liability is also considered. Article 1 of the minutes of the meeting, the original text of the dispute related to mining, virtual currency mining refers to the process of calculating and producing virtual currency through a special mining machine. From the trial of the case, the disputes caused by mining can be summarized into two types. One is that the parties buy, lease and produce virtual currency through mining activities. There is a dispute over the payment of the price of the currency mining machine. One kind of cooperation mode is a combination of multiple legal relationships such as mining machine trading, cooperation, sharing or custody service. For example, the two parties jointly invested to buy the mining machine and agreed to share it after obtaining the virtual currency. After the seller failed to deliver the goods or did not share it, the mining activity was gradually strictly controlled and orderly retired because of its large energy consumption and carbon emissions, low contribution to the national economy and limited scientific and technological progress. In handling cases, the people's courts should reasonably balance the rights and obligations between the parties according to the influence of public policies on the performance of the contract in different periods. Before the notice on rectifying virtual currency mining activities was issued on, the state policy did not explicitly prohibit mining activities. People's courts that had previously agreed to buy, sell, lease and keep mining machines or provide additional services such as operation and management technology development did not pay for it because the subject matter or purpose of the contract was illegal. If the contract cannot be performed later due to the introduction of policies, one party proposes to terminate the contract, and the people's court shall support the termination of performance that has not been performed after the termination of the contract. According to the performance and the nature of the contract, the parties may request restitution or take other remedial measures, and have the right to claim compensation for losses. The people's court shall consider the contract invalid when the parties agree to buy, sell, lease and keep mining machines or provide additional services such as operation and management technology development after. If one party files a lawsuit to confirm the validity of the contract and requests to continue to perform the contract, the other party claims that the contract is invalid or one party files a lawsuit to confirm the invalidity of the contract and return the property, and the other party claims that the contract is valid, the people's court shall explain to the plaintiff to change or increase the litigation request or explain to the defendant to perform the defense at the same time, and try to solve the dispute once and for all. The people's court that changes the litigation request or raises the defense according to the explanation shall organize the parties to fully. Proof and cross-examination, however, just when lawyer Guo thought that such judgments in the whole country would tend to be consistent, a second-instance judgment from Shenzhen Intermediate People's Court did not completely refer to the summary of the financial trial of the Supreme Court. Of course, there is no inevitable mistake. After all, the summary of the current financial trial is still in the stage of soliciting opinions and has not yet fully taken effect, but it can also be seen that the judgment in Shenzhen still has its own tonality. Of course, this case looks at Guo Law from the perspective of the defendant miner represented by lawyer Guo. The division still won the case, but even if Mr. Guo is the winning party, he still thinks that the legal basis of some judgments remains to be discussed. Let's take a look at the specific situation first. A basic case, the plaintiff signed a server hosting agreement with the defendant's mining company, stipulating that the defendant provided the server hosting service for the plaintiff at a consideration of RMB 10,000. After the contract was signed, the plaintiff immediately paid RMB 10,000 to the defendant, and both parties agreed that the defendant only delivered the computing power afterwards, and the computing power was only. After more than a month's maintenance, all deliveries were stopped. The plaintiff sued the miner to the People's Court of Luohu District, Shenzhen, asking the miner to refund the purchase price of 10,000 yuan. The Luohu Court ruled in the first instance that the plaintiff won the case and the defendant should return RMB 10,000 yuan. Then Lawyer Guo appealed on behalf of the defendant, and the defendant won the case in the second instance. The plaintiff, who considered RMB convertible, and the defendant, represented by Mr. Guo, thought it was not convertible. At the time of the first trial of this case, there was no domestic law stipulating that virtual currency could not be converted into RMB, although there was a notice on preventing the financing risk of token issuance and a notice on further preventing and handling the speculation risk of virtual currency trading, the notice stipulated that any platform should not engage in the exchange business between legal tender and token virtual currency, and should not buy or sell it. As a central counterparty, it is not allowed to provide pricing information intermediary services for tokens or virtual currency, but it does not directly stipulate that virtual currency has no value, and these two documents are not legal provisions, but only policy documents. At the same time, the miner confirmed in the chat record that one is equivalent to 10,000 yuan, that is to say, the anchoring standard for the price of virtual currency has also been established, so the court of first instance will decide that the defendant will refund the plaintiff 10,000 yuan. However, in the second instance of this case, the court of second instance, after repeated communication with lawyer Guo, thought that the court of first instance decided that the defendant should return RMB 10,000 to the plaintiff, which in essence supported the redemption and transaction between virtual currency and legal tender in disguise, and supported lawyer Guo's point of view. Why is there such a big difference between the first instance and the second instance? In fact, there was an episode in which the Supreme Court issued the No.1 guiding case, Gao Zheyu and Li Bin, an enterprise of Shenzhen Yunsi Road Innovation and Development Fund, applied for cancellation of the arbitration award, which happened to be a case handled by the Shenzhen Intermediate People's 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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