铭文Fomo潮之后 比特币生态该如何落地?

币圈资讯 阅读:41 2024-04-22 11:10:11 评论:0
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在铭文Fomo潮席卷而来之际,我有接触一些“真正的”比特币开发者,发现他们并不会头脑发热,说一些比特币layer2颠覆以太坊之类的话。

反倒大家都有一个共识:比特币生态会有机会,但一定会区别于以太坊的DeFi叠乐高组合范式。接下来,基于技术逻辑探讨下,比特币生态到底该如何落地?

的确,铭文这种新资产发行方式,把不少人拉回了2017年的ICO时刻,热情彻底被点燃。这波铭文热潮带来了新用户,新应用场景,新增量资金,某种程度上称这轮牛市为比特币牛也不为过。

于是,侧链,闪电网络,Taproot Assets,RGB、BitVM等各个方向挤满了比特币正统layer2“垂涎者”,他们每每谈及比特币生态都高调称要复刻以太坊的一切,着实让人颅内高潮。

恰如ICO资产发行热的不可持续性一样,铭文市场同样渴望在Fomo潮结束之际承接一个全新的比特币layer2热潮。

有这样的野心和诉求没错,只不过,若想复刻以太坊的生态多样玩法到比特币,还真行不通,(具体可参看首页置顶文章),比特币生态需要探寻一条吻合其原生特性的落地路线。

核心逻辑是,比特币链原生特性存在“受限”的计算和验证能力,即使Taproot地址Segwit中的存储能力也存在粉尘攻击“争议”。

计算受限决定了更多复杂的交易逻辑必须要在链外实现,比如,bitVM就大胆设想了一种利用链外电路+链上逻辑门(0、1)组合,基于乐观Rollup理念实现的图灵完备计算,脑洞很大,技术逻辑也合理,只不过工程量堪比三体中秦朝的人列计算机,不切实际;

验证受限则使得比特币更适用于资产结算,而非全局状态校验,比如,目前比特币节点的Schnorr签名和MAST数据结构特性带来了一定验证能力,但Schnorr只是聚合了多个签名,受限于多签场景,而MAST允许创建更复杂的脚本,但其依赖UTXO模型只能做资产结算,并不能实现全局状态校验。搭建复杂的轻节点矩阵,也只能加强侧链和主链间的可交互操作性,提升资产结算的安全性和响应速度;

存储争议则毋庸置疑,比特币发展到现在都是极简风路线,这是上一轮大小区块战争结束跑出来的共识,因此试图基于Taproot的脚本空间大做文章的想法肯定行不通。虽然不一定走到Segwit被阉割的分叉程度,但Atomicals、RUNE、PIPE等升级协议都趋向于小区块方向妥协了,比如丢弃了Json大体积数据包,回归对OP_Return空间的优化和应用。

这些局限性决定了,比特币的layer2扩展方案和以太坊大为不同:

1)比特币Data Availability数据可用性能力缺失,以太坊的DA是主网Validators对layer2二层提交的数据的计算+验证能力,显然比特币虽然可以接纳一定的数据,但是主网并不具备可行且高效的计算和验证能力。

因此比特币DA更像是“公告板”性质,原始RAW Data存放到比特币区块中,只能供链下的indexer索引器来进行记账和确权。这势必会考验indexer的记账和验证能力,如果存在多个indexer挑战性会进一步增加,会存在记账逻辑混乱差错问题。

2)比特币interoperablity可操作性能力受限,以太坊layer二层提交状态到主网,主网有合约可以配合二层展开类似7天挑战时间窗口,以及layer2逃生舱之类的安全机制,确保在二层Sequener作恶的前提下,主网可以保护二层用户的资产。显然,不具备智能合约能力的比特币并不存在这层安全保障。用户只能相信比特币layer2不会作恶。

3)比特币UTXO安全模型受限于“支付”场景。类似于以太坊Plasma二层的解决方案,二层若把每一个交易对应的Nonce Hash等都以UTXO的形式和主网保持同步,就能基于UTXO找到一个绝对安全模式。

但恰如Plasma只能受限于支付场景一样,基于UTXO模型构建的比特币layer2也一样存在这个局限。大凡是EVM这类有复杂智能合约多状态的机制就无法单纯靠这套安全机制了,除非叠加其他比特币链外共识。

基于此技术逻辑和认知,比特币layer2的叙事空间也无比清晰了:

1)把比特币作为结算层,二层搭建独立的共识,提供一整套的DA、Interoperability、VM虚拟机等各类接轨以太坊的生态承载能力。只不过,这样综合实力强悍的链无异于再造一个以太坊执行链,很多人其实不知道,以太坊其实也有一条Beacon结算链,我们所看到的以太坊2.0主链也可以被视为Beacon链的layer2。

之所以大家对结算链感知很弱,全因主网最核心的就是交互验证能力,如果只是做结算链,那处理大量计算和验证操作的链才会成为真正的“主链”。

问题来了,我们把比特币做结算链,其他链敢称自己是主链吗?比特币生态允许这样的“共识”存在吗?

2)用比特币来做支付Solution,包括Lighting network闪电网络,Taproot assets资产以及客户端验证RGB,本质上都要基于比特币主网UTXO模型提供安全保障,这其实限定了这些方向最佳落地应用场景就是支付。

闪电网络做小额聪的流通体验已经很丝滑,Taproot assets和RGB其实也类似,相对更适合落地稳定币的支付通道。

倘若要在状态通道、客户端验证上 叠加一些DeFi、EVM更多的状态,就相当于要在原先UTXO模型上添加更复杂的验证逻辑,自然会有一些主网无法验证的状态被提交到主网,本质上依赖的还是链下共识。这类方案也许行得通,但相比纯UTXO模型控制的交易场景,安全等级也会对应下降。

以上。比特币生态如何落地?

如果纯纯的比特币安全共识赋能下的比特币生态,指向Lightning network和Taproot assets等后续的稳定币应用消费场景;

如果比特币主网共识之外,允许加一些链外共识,则指向RGB客户端验证这类可以实现复杂layer2智能合约的复杂应用场景;

如果比特币主网只做结算链,靠链外独立达成共识,那各类侧链、联盟链、索引链等等任何能自建共识且严格执行资产透明结算的方案似乎都可以。

如果BitVM这类比特币图灵计算验证方案真的落地实现了,在不改变比特币主网共识,成本又低于以太坊智能合约构造的话,以上结论推翻再来。

总之,安全+去中心化+可扩展性的不可能三角矛盾问题在比特币主网上表现更为强烈。所谓比特币正统layer2也许是个伪命题,在我看来,选择了正统共识则就得接受扩展“局限”,若想突破局限,就别打着宇宙无敌共识的旗号了。


When the inscription tide swept through, I came into contact with some real bitcoin developers, and found that they wouldn't be so hot-headed as to say that some bitcoin subverted the Ethereum. On the contrary, everyone had a consensus that the bitcoin ecology would have a chance, but it would definitely be different from the stacked Lego combination paradigm of the Ethereum. Next, based on technical logic, I discussed how the bitcoin ecology should land. This new asset issuance method brought many people back to the moment of 2008, and their enthusiasm was completely ignited by this inscription craze. New users, new application scenarios, and new funds are added. To some extent, it is not too much to call this bull market a bitcoin bull. The side-chain lightning network and other directions are crowded with bitcoin orthodox covetous people. Every time they talk about bitcoin ecology, they say that they want to recreate everything in Ethereum, which is really an intracranial climax, just as the asset issuance fever is unsustainable. The inscription market is also eager to undertake a brand-new bitcoin craze at the end of the tide. It is only true that if you want to recreate Ethereum. For details, please refer to the top article on the home page. Bitcoin ecology needs to explore a landing route that conforms to its original characteristics. The core logic is that the original characteristics of Bitcoin chain have limited calculation and verification capabilities, even if the storage capacity in the address also has dust attacks. The limited calculation determines that more complex transaction logic must be realized outside the chain. For example, a diagram based on optimistic ideas is boldly conceived. The technical logic is also reasonable, but the workload is comparable to that of the Qin Dynasty in the three-body computer, which makes Bitcoin more suitable for asset settlement rather than global status verification. For example, the signature and data structure characteristics of Bitcoin nodes have brought some verification ability, but only the aggregation of multiple signatures is limited by multi-signature scenarios, allowing the creation of more complex scripts, but its dependent model can only do asset settlement and cannot achieve global status verification. Node matrix can only strengthen the interoperability between the side chain and the main chain, and improve the security and response speed of asset settlement. There is no doubt that bitcoin has developed into a minimalist route until now. This is the consensus that came out after the last round of large and small block wars. Therefore, the idea of trying to make a big fuss about the script space based on it will definitely not work. Although it may not necessarily go to the castrated bifurcation level, the upgrade protocols tend to compromise in the direction of small blocks, such as discarding large data packets and returning to the air. The limitations of optimization and application between the two platforms determine that the expansion scheme of Bitcoin is very different from that of Ethereum. The lack of data availability ability of Bitcoin in Ethereum is the calculation and verification ability of the main network for the data submitted on the second floor. Obviously, although Bitcoin can accept certain data, the main network does not have feasible and efficient calculation and verification ability. Therefore, Bitcoin is more like an indexer originally stored in a bulletin board block, which can only be used for bookkeeping and confirmation, which is bound to be tested. If there are multiple challenges, the accounting and verification ability will be further increased, and there will be confusion and errors in accounting logic. Bitcoin operability is limited. The second floor of Ethereum submits the status to the main network. The main network has a contract, which can cooperate with the second floor to carry out security mechanisms such as the day challenge time window and the escape cabin to ensure that the main network can protect the assets of users on the second floor under the premise of evil. Obviously, Bitcoin without the ability of smart contract does not exist. This layer of security guarantee users can only believe that Bitcoin will not. The security model of evil bitcoin is limited by the payment scenario, which is similar to the solution on the second floor of Ethereum. On the second floor, if each transaction is synchronized with the main network, it can be based on finding an absolute security model, but just like it can only be limited by the payment scenario, the bitcoin built based on the model also has this limitation. Generally, such a multi-state mechanism with complex smart contracts cannot rely solely on this security mechanism unless other bitcoin off-chain consensus is superimposed based on this technical logic. The narrative space of editing and recognizing Bitcoin is also extremely clear. Taking Bitcoin as the second floor of the settlement layer to build an independent consensus and provide a complete set of virtual machines and other types of ecological carrying capacity of Ethereum, but such a chain with strong comprehensive strength is tantamount to recreating an Ethereum execution chain. Many people don't know that Ethereum actually has a settlement chain, and the main chain of Ethereum we see can also be regarded as a chain. The reason why people have a weak perception of the settlement chain is that the core of the main network is interactive verification. If the authentication ability is only a settlement chain, the chain that handles a lot of calculation and verification operations will become the real main chain problem. Let's take Bitcoin as the settlement chain. Do other chains dare to call themselves the main chain? Does Bitcoin ecology allow such a consensus to exist? Paying with Bitcoin, including lightning network assets and client authentication, must provide security based on the bitcoin main network model, which actually limits the best landing application scenario in these directions, that is, paying lightning network to be a small smart circulation body. The verification is already very slippery and actually similar to the payment channel that is relatively more suitable for landing stable coins. If you want to superimpose more states on the client verification of the state channel, it is equivalent to adding more complicated verification logic to the original model. Naturally, some states that cannot be verified by the main network will be submitted to the main network, which is essentially dependent on the offline consensus. This kind of scheme may be feasible, but compared with the trading scenario controlled by the pure model, the security level of the above bitcoin ecology will also drop correspondingly. If it is pure, The bitcoin ecological orientation and other subsequent stable currency application consumption scenarios under the empowerment of bitcoin security consensus. If some off-chain consensus is allowed to be added outside the bitcoin main network consensus, it points to the client to verify such complex application scenarios that can realize complex smart contracts. If the bitcoin main network only makes settlement chains and reaches consensus independently outside the chain, all kinds of side chain alliance chain index chains and other schemes that can build their own consensus and strictly implement asset transparent settlement seem to be possible. If such bitcoin Turing calculation The verification scheme is really realized without changing the consensus cost of Bitcoin main network and being lower than the smart contract structure of Ethereum. In short, the impossible trinity contradiction of security decentralization and scalability is more intense on Bitcoin main network. The so-called Bitcoin orthodoxy may be a false proposition. In my opinion, if you choose orthodox consensus, you have to accept the expansion limitations. If you want to break through the limitations, don't use the banner of universal invincible consensus. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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