Web3游戏创业者 最应关注的10大法律问题

币圈资讯 阅读:38 2024-04-22 09:59:09 评论:0
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原创作者:邵诗巍律师

引言:

游戏行业,一直都是全球增长最快且利润最高的行业之一。传统游戏中,游戏运营商掌握着游戏控制权,游戏市场缺乏透明度和信任,如果出现游戏停服等特别情况,玩家利益也无法得到保障。Web3游戏(或称GameFi、区块链游戏)相较于传统游戏,依托区块链技术,使每个玩家都能掌控自己的游戏内资产,并且,智能合约技术的运用也使得交易公开透明。所以近年来,越来越多的游戏创业者将目光聚焦在了Web3游戏当中。

但是,由于Web3游戏金融属性的存在,以及主打play to earn(边玩边赚钱)的游戏模式,相较于传统游戏,Web3游戏在我国又存在着天然的政策风险。

那么对于Web3游戏创业者而言,需要关注哪些问题呢?本文从时间维度进行梳理,列出了游戏项目准备启动阶段、游戏上线前后的宣发和推广阶段、游戏内容本身、以及游戏运营过程中创业者需要关注的十大法律问题。

技术团队设在国外,是否能够规避国内的法律风险?

这是邵律师在咨询过程中遇到的最为高频的法律问题,且没有之一。

因为很多Web3创业者对于我国区块链相关法律规定是有着一定了解的,他们往往觉得,既然在国内发展有如此多的限制,那不如就把项目放在国外做好了那么首先要解决的是“人”的问题。人在国内的项目方为了规避项目本身可能会给自身带来的法律风险,往往会想到找国外的技术团队做开发。或者反过来,人和项目都在海外,但找的开发团队是国内的。

其实两种模式来看,可能可以在一定程度上规避民事、行政风险,但刑事风险难以规避。因为根据我国刑事司法管辖权的规定,根据我国刑法关于管辖权规定了属地管辖权和属人管辖权。属地管辖权,就是说,只要犯罪行为或结果发生在我国领域内的,我国享有管辖权;属人管辖权,是指只要是中国人,在我国领域外犯罪的,我国同样享有管辖权。所以,只要是中国人犯罪,或者犯罪行为或结果在国内的,我国都有权管。

在国内做Web3游戏,会有哪些政策限制?

主打play to learn的Web3游戏,游戏中会产出代币,国外的Web3游戏中所产生的代币是可以直接在交易所中变现的,但在国内,虚拟货币相关的业务被定性为非法金融活动,禁止发币,禁止ICO,禁止代币融资交易平台从事虚拟货币与法币、虚拟货币之间的兑换业务等等。

相关政策如2022年2月18日,中国银保监会发布《关于防范以“元宇宙”名义进行非法集资的风险提示》提醒社会公众警惕打着元宇宙区块链游戏旗号诈骗。有的不法分子捆绑“元宇宙”概念,宣称“边玩游戏边赚钱”“投资周期短、收益高”,诱骗参与者通过兑换虚拟币、购买游戏装备等方式投资。2022年4月13日,中国互联网金融协会、中国银行业协会和中国证券业协会发出《关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》中将直接或间接投资NFT及为投资NFT提供融资支持作为了禁止性事项。

这些都使得在国内进行Web3游戏创业受到严格的政策监管。

一款Web3游戏上线,必须取得游戏版号吗?

这个问题要区分是在国内还是国外。

如果是在国内发行Web3游戏,根据《游戏出版管理暂行规定》等法律规定,需要取得游戏版号。但国内游戏版号有多难拿,游戏从业者都懂的。

若在国内无版号或套版号上线游戏Web3游戏,轻则存在行政处罚风险,重则会判处非法经营罪。虽说游戏未取得版号即上线,是否构成严格意义上刑法规定的非法经营罪,邵律师认为仍存在较大争议,但在司法实践当中确实已经存在游戏商被定非法经营罪的诸多案例,相关法律分析可参阅→《链游Gamefi没有游戏版号就上线,可以吗?》,本文不再赘述。

如果是在国外发行Web3游戏,那就不受我国法律规定的版号限制了。例如,项目方将Web3游戏上架至Steam,Steam作为一家美国公司推出的游戏发行平台,并没有国内的版号限制。那么会有不少咨询者进一步提问,上架至Steam上的游戏面向国内玩家,合法吗?相关法律分析可参阅→《无游戏版号上架Steam发行游戏违法吗?》,简而言之,从合规角度考虑,无论上架至Steam上的游戏是否锁国区,在宣发方面,还是建议低调行事,不要在国内进行宣传推广。

在宣发层面,需要警惕传销风险!

无论将Web3游戏服务器搭建在国内还是国外,在游戏上线前后的宣发引流层面,都要防范推广拉新过程中的传销风险。常见的拉新模式一般为A用户可以在产品海报中生成自己的专属二维码或链接,通过分享二维码或链接,若B用户进行注册的,则A可获得平台的相关奖励。这个奖励(或者说老玩家的佣金收益),一般是按照新玩家入场后的消费进行提点。按照加入游戏的先后顺序,形成类似金字塔般的等级结构。

根据我国法律规定,传销是指组织者或者经营者发展人员,通过对被发展人员以其直接或者间接发展的人员数量或者销售业绩为依据计算和给付报酬或者要求被发展人员以交纳一定费用为条件取得加入资格等方式牟取非法利益,扰乱经济秩序,影响社会稳定的行为。组织内部参与传销活动人员在三十人以上且层级在三级以上的,应当对组织者、领导者追究刑事责任。

涉赌,是Web3游戏创业者需要关注的最重要的法律风险

最高人民检察院2021年11月29日召开的新闻发布会中,明确表示,“涉嫌赌博的应用软件,有一个显著的特征,就是具有相关的提现功能。”Web3的玩赚模式,天然存在涉赌风险。

例如Fomo3D,就是一款以太坊上的一个赌博游戏,游戏玩法是,它设置了一个24小时的倒计时,只要有人买KEY(游戏内代币),倒计时就会增加30秒,KEY的价格随着奖池越大,会变得越贵,最后一个购买KEY的玩家在游戏结束时可以赢得巨额奖金。另外,持有KEY的玩家还会有相应比例的分红收益。

如果游戏当中设置有概率类玩法,玩家通过玩游戏可以获得游戏道具或代币奖励,这些奖励又可以通过某种方式变现的,例如在虚拟货币交易所中进行交易,游戏厂商通过直接或间接的方式向玩法回收游戏道具/代币的,则具备了赌博犯罪的上下分特征。更为详尽的分析,可参阅→《边玩边赚钱的区块链游戏,如何避免成赌博?》。

国内Web3游戏,为玩家开设二级交易市场的法律风险

上一条中提到,若平台为玩家的游戏代币、道具最终变现提供了直接/间接帮助的,则游戏存在涉赌风险。那么很多创业者会问,能否开设二级市场,让玩家们自行交易?

首先,如果是游戏内虚拟货币,无论是2023年12月22日《网络游戏管理办法(草案征求意见稿)》还是以往的游戏法相关规定,都提到:不得向用户提供网络游戏币兑换法定货币的服务。另外,2017年的94公告也明确规定国内禁止ICO,因此代币交易还会存在被认定为变相发行代币的法律风险。

其次,如果是游戏内玩家的NFT资产,能否开二级(寄售市场)让玩家之间进行交易呢?从法律合规的角度分析,可参考国发〔2011〕38号(简称38号文)和国办发〔2012〕37号(简称37号文)两份文件的规定,不得以集中竞价、电子撮合、匿名交易、做市商等集中交易方式进行标准化合约交易。从司法实践的角度来看,Web3游戏平台开设NFT相关的二级市场的法律风险可参考数字藏品平台,邵律师已办理了不少数字藏品平台方的刑事案件。若平台开设二级,引发用户投诉,公安部门展开调查,导致经营者被刑拘的案件还是不少的。

Web3游戏平台沦为了洗钱工具?

在不法分子眼中,Web3游戏平台也可沦为其犯罪工具。我们以元宇宙第一股Roblox平台(面向儿童和青少年的在线游戏平台)为例进行说明。

2021年,元宇宙平台Roblox在纽交所敲钟上市,此前在该平台的一场集体诉讼中发现,平台中有超过300名用户可能涉嫌利用Roblox平台进行洗钱活动。这些用户“似乎利用Roblox平台向彼此转账,通过购买假物品来实现,这是一种非常低效和昂贵的转账方式”,如某用户在一个月内用平台内虚拟货币Robux(约合1.25万美元)来购买同一个卖家的同一个物品、某用户一天内花费折合6250美元来购买自己出售的物品。

如果平台在监管方面存在严重缺陷,将会损害广大用户的利益,对于平台自身的长远发展也会造成不利影响。

若平台设立在国内的,根据《网络安全法》、《区块链信息服务管理规定》等规定,互联网用户在进行网络注册、登录和使用互联网服务时需要提供真实身份信息。根据《中华人民共和国反洗钱法》、《支付清算机构管理条例》等规定,互联网公司在提供资金交易相关业务时,需要建立和执行有效的KYC制度(Know Your Customer),确保客户身份验证、风险评估、交易监测等环节得以有效落实。

当Web3游戏创业者被指控“诈骗”

作为一名深耕Web3行业的刑辩律师,本人所代理的平台涉刑案件往往案发于用户投诉。在平台上玩游戏亏损的玩家,往往会有几种维权方式:

(1)小部分激进的维权用户往往是你正常讲道理是讲不通的。我在你平台上玩亏了,平台就是诈骗,诈骗我就要报案。

(2)还有一部分理性用户会选择去法院提起民事诉讼,但一般会存在立案难的问题,这部分用户也转而去派出所报案。

(3)大部分用户会选择打12345投诉至市场监管局等行政部门。以上用户的数量累积起来,就会引起公安部门的重视,平台经营者大概率就会接到警察蜀黍的“喝茶”邀请。

因此,平台在运营过程中,要建立有效的用户投诉处理机制,提高客户对平台服务的满意度,有效安抚用户情绪,积极沟通,为客户提供有效的解决方案。

Web3游戏平台需防范非法集资

根据上文提到的2022年《关于防范以“元宇宙”名义进行非法集资的风险提示》,有些不法分子编造元宇宙相关游戏制作等概念,公开虚假宣传高额收益,借机吸收公众资金,具有非法集资等特征。刑法上的非法集资类犯罪一般为非法吸收公众存款罪,集资诈骗罪。

早期Web3游戏的经济模型存在一个重大缺陷,老玩家的盈利是靠新玩家的入场来维系的。一旦老玩家大量抛售游戏内代币,市场上的用户陷入「fomo情绪」,就会导致用户不断萎缩,最终让游戏陷入「死亡螺旋」,若玩家视角中的项目方因此“摆烂”或“跑路”,没有任何调控措施的,根据邵律师的办案经验,部分司法机关会将平台以集资诈骗罪等刑事罪名立案。

Web3游戏内知识产权侵权风险

游戏内的NFT等数字资产,对于已登记作品,应取得著作权登记证书及版权证明等文件,对于未登记作品,平台应取得原权利人签署的版权声明及相关承诺书等,避免侵权作品上链。若平台方未经著作权人许可,擅自使用他人作品铸造NFT用于经营行为的,根据《著作权法》,需要承担停止侵害、消除影响、赔礼道歉、赔偿损失等民事责任。更严重者,根据个案情况还有可能涉及侵犯著作权罪、销售侵权复制品罪等刑事罪名。

写在最后

随着市场的回暖,Web3游戏又开始有了新的热度,新的开发团队也在不断涌现。但对于Web3游戏创业者来说,在我国会受到游戏法律规范和区块链相关政策的双重约束。邵律师梳理出Web3游戏创业过程中可能会遇到的这十大高频法律问题,希望能对行业内的朋友有所帮助。


The original author Shao Shiwei's lawyer's introduction The game industry has always been one of the fastest growing and most profitable industries in the world. In traditional games, game operators control the game, and the game market lacks transparency and trust. If there are special circumstances such as game suspension, the interests of players cannot be guaranteed. Compared with traditional games, blockchain games enable each player to control their own in-game assets, and the application of intelligent contract technology also makes transactions open and transparent. In recent years, more and more game entrepreneurs have focused their attention on the game. However, due to the existence of the financial nature of the game and the natural policy risks in the game mode of making money while playing, compared with the traditional game in China, what issues should be paid attention to for game entrepreneurs? This paper sorts out from the time dimension and lists the game content itself before and after the game is launched and the entrepreneurs need to operate the game. Ten legal issues to be concerned about whether the technical team located abroad can avoid domestic legal risks are the most frequent legal issues encountered by Shao lawyers in the consultation process, and none of them are because many entrepreneurs have a certain understanding of the relevant legal provisions of blockchain in China. They often feel that since there are so many restrictions on domestic development, it is better to put the project abroad. The first thing to be solved is the problem of people. In order to avoid the project itself, the project side in China can. The legal risks that may be brought to you often think of looking for a foreign technical team to develop, or conversely, people and projects are overseas, but the development team you are looking for is domestic. In fact, the two models may be able to avoid civil administrative risks to a certain extent, but criminal risks are difficult to avoid, because according to the provisions of China's criminal jurisdiction, territorial jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction are stipulated in China's criminal law, that is, as long as criminal acts or results occur in China's territory. Personal jurisdiction means that as long as China people commit crimes outside the territory of our country, our country also enjoys jurisdiction, so as long as China people commit crimes or criminal acts or results, our country has the right to control what policies will restrict playing games in China, and tokens will be produced in the main games. The tokens produced in foreign games can be directly realized in the exchange, but the business related to virtual currency in China is characterized as illegal financial activities, and it is forbidden to issue coins. It is forbidden for the token financing trading platform to engage in the exchange business between virtual currency and legal tender virtual currency, and so on. For example, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China issued a risk warning on preventing illegal fund-raising in the name of Meta Universe, reminding the public to be alert to fraud under the banner of Meta Universe blockchain game. Some lawless elements tied up the concept of Meta Universe and claimed to make money while playing games. The short investment cycle and high income lured participants into investing in China Internet by exchanging virtual currency and buying game equipment. The Internet Finance Association, the China Banking Association and the China Securities Association issued an initiative on preventing related financial risks, which made direct or indirect investment and providing financing support for investment as prohibited matters. All these made the game entrepreneurship in China subject to strict policy supervision. Is it necessary to obtain the game version number when a game is launched? This question should be distinguished between domestic and foreign countries. If the game is distributed in China, it is necessary to obtain the game version number according to the interim provisions on the management of game publishing and other legal provisions. How difficult it is for domestic game practitioners to get the version number? If there is no version number or set number to go online in China, the risk of administrative punishment will be heavy, and the crime of illegal business will be sentenced. Although whether the game goes online without the version number constitutes the crime of illegal business in the strict sense of criminal law, Lawyer Shao believes that there are still many cases in which game players have been convicted of illegal business in judicial practice. For legal analysis, please refer to the online game without the version number. I don't want to go into details. If the game is released abroad, it will not be limited by the version number stipulated by Chinese laws. For example, if the project party puts the game on the game distribution platform launched by an American company and there is no domestic version number limit, many consultants will further ask whether it is legal for the game with the highest shelf number to face domestic players. For relevant legal analysis, please refer to whether it is illegal to release the game without the game version number. In short, from the compliance point of view, whether the game with the highest shelf number is locked in the propagator or not. It is suggested that we should keep a low profile and do not conduct publicity and promotion in China. We need to be alert to pyramid selling risks at the publicity and promotion level, regardless of whether the game server is built at home or abroad. We should guard against pyramid selling risks in the process of promotion and promotion. The common mode of promotion is that users can generate their own exclusive QR code or link in the product poster. By sharing the QR code or link, if users register, they can get the relevant reward of the platform, which is called old play. Generally speaking, the commission income of the family is calculated according to the consumption of new players after entering the game, and a pyramid-like hierarchical structure is formed according to the order of joining the game. According to the laws of our country, pyramid selling refers to the way that organizers or operators develop personnel to obtain illegal interests and disrupt the economic order by calculating and paying remuneration to the developed personnel based on the number of personnel or sales performance directly or indirectly developed by them, or asking the developed personnel to obtain the qualification for joining on the condition of paying a certain fee. Behaviors that affect social stability If there are more than 30 people involved in pyramid schemes within the organization and the level is above the third level, the organizers and leaders should be investigated for criminal responsibility. Gambling is the most important legal risk that game entrepreneurs need to pay attention to. In the press conference held in the Supreme People's Procuratorate on January, it was clearly stated that the application software suspected of gambling has a remarkable feature, that is, the profit-making model with related cash withdrawal function naturally has gambling risks, such as a gambling in an ethereum. The gameplay is that it sets an hour countdown. As long as someone buys tokens in the game, the countdown will increase by seconds. As the prize pool gets bigger, it will become more expensive. The last player who buys can win a huge bonus at the end of the game. In addition, the players who hold it will also have a corresponding proportion of dividend income. If there is a probability gameplay in the game, players can get game props or tokens by playing the game, and these rewards can be realized in some way. For example, if they trade in a virtual currency exchange, game manufacturers can recover game props tokens from the gameplay directly or indirectly. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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