关于区块大小：Gas 上限与可扩展性

Recently, the author has discussed a lot about increasing the upper limit of the Ethereum block. Some people advocate increasing the block size based on Moore's Law, some people are just spreading news at will, and some people are worried that other chains will surpass Ethereum in terms of users' wide adoption. Next, I want to show some charts and data, which may help us make a decision to maximize the upper limit without affecting the decentralization of Ethereum. From the beginning, Ethereum is different from Bitcoin. Fixed block size limit depends on a flexible block size mechanism, which is measured by a certain unit. In Ethereum, it is a unit to measure the amount of calculation needed to perform operations such as transactions or smart contracts. Every operation in Ethereum needs a certain amount to complete, and each block has an upper limit, which determines how many operations can be contained in a block. At the beginning of the year, the upper limit of each block in Ethereum was quickly raised to about 10,000, and then it was raised to about 10,000 later in the year. With the implementation of the hard fork in 2000, as a response to the attack, the upper limit of various intensive operation codes was raised to 10,000 by repricing. After these attacks, miners continued to raise the upper limit from October to about 10,000 to about 10,000, and finally from October to about 10,000. After that, with the activation of the hard fork, the pricing of some operation codes was further refined. Examples of these refinements include Lun, the most important change in the expense market of Ethereum, which occurred in June. The introduction of hard bifurcation introduces that the cost will be dynamically adjusted with time according to the demand for block space, and it is also introduced as a dynamic adjustment for guidance. If the total quantity used in one block exceeds this, the next block will increase. On the contrary, if the total quantity used is lower, it will decrease. This mechanism aims to create a more predictable cost market and improve the user experience by stabilizing transaction expenses. In addition, it also introduces a destruction mechanism forever. That part has been removed from the circulation for a long time, which enhances the sustainability of the agreement and creates the so-called ultra-stable currency meme. There is also a maximum or hard upper limit, which is set to twice the upper limit of 10,000, which means that a block can package transactions with a total usage of up to 10,000. Since then, the upper limit of Ethereum has remained unchanged, and it is still 10,000 per block by the end of the year. Are we ready to increase the block size? Recently, some people have expressed concern about the upper limit of Ethereum and want to. In the latest Ethereum Foundation in the world, he said that he considered the idea of increasing the upper limit to 10,000. His reasoning is based on Moore's Law, which points out that the number of transistors on microchips doubles every two years, thus increasing the computing power accordingly. This principle shows that network performance, including the ability to handle and execute transactions, can also be increased over time. Researchers from Ethereum Foundation also support the idea of increasing the upper limit after evaluating the upgraded situation. In addition, the development of Ethereum Foundation Other people are worried about increasing the upper limit, especially in the absence of proper monitoring tools. These concerns are mainly related to these problems, such as accelerating state growth synchronization time and reorganization block rate. What is the block size? The usage of the block size can be measured in two ways, in bytes. Although these two measures are related, for example, a block containing many non-zero bytes must be considered independently. Blocks may be large in byte size, but the actual usage per non-zero byte may still be relatively small. Regardless of the situation after compression, the maximum block size that can be achieved at present is about such a block under the premise of observing the limit of each transaction. The actual calculation result is a transaction with zero bytes per byte and a transaction that fills the remaining space. However, after compression, the final size of such a block is about this negligible. On the other hand, considering the maximum possible block size, the transaction size including pen carrying non-zero bytes can reach about after compression, so up to now, it represents the real block size upper limit of the execution layer block. Getting bigger is nothing more than trying to plug the transaction, and then there are two methods, plug and plug, which need to be calculated to know which can make it bigger. The final result is that the plug is bigger. Based on the premise that the client limits each transaction to the maximum, the following two examples will be calculated. The transactions with a size of are petty, so at most only one of the above transactions can be plugged, and the corresponding block size is about. However, because of all of them, the compressed block size is about one, and the transactions with a size of are non-petty. The corresponding block size is about, however, because non-zero is not easy to compress, the compressed block size is about. As far as this maximum block size is concerned, we can identify several factors that affect it. There is no doubt that the upper limit will affect the maximum block size. The higher the upper limit, the more operations can be packed in the block, and the cheaper the data pricing operation, the more operations can be performed in the block. Although operations like or this are relatively cheap, other operation codes are more expensive. The more expensive the opcode used in a block, the less space there is for other operations in the block. Although the impact of client restrictions is not so obvious, the restrictions on each transaction like the client can also affect the final block size. Because the fixed fee for each transaction is that the lower the size limit of each transaction, the client needs to pay the fixed fee more frequently, thus wasting what could have been used. Therefore, this restriction can eventually lead to the reduction of the maximum block size. The purpose is that client restrictions only affect the broadcast of transactions, but not the confirmed blocks. First, let's look at the influence of the upper limit of each block on the maximum block size. It is the most direct and obvious way to increase the upper limit of a block chain like Ethereum. A higher upper limit means more data space. However, it also means that everyone running the whole node needs to spread and download larger blocks. As shown in the figure above, the worst case is that the block size under the maximum block size calculated above is roughly linear with the increase of the upper limit of the block. By creating a block that is filled with as many non-zero bytes as possible. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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