Near 创始人最新文章：Near 的链抽象化如何带来更好的 Web3 体验

撰文：ILLIA POLOSUKHIN；编译：深潮TechFlow

今天的大多数Dapp实际上并不是真正的Dapp（去中心化应用程序）。如果用户需要离开应用程序才能开始使用它，那它实际上不是一个应用程序，它只是一个前端。如果用户必须通过交易所手动注册并管理多个帐户、Gas费用和桥接，那你真的构建了一个应用程序吗？我认为不是，这也许可以解释为什么世界上只有几百万人在使用Dapp。

如果我们希望看到 Web3 成为主流应用，我们相信一个更加开放、去中心化、支持所有人自我主权的互联网对世界更有利，那么我们就需要做得更好。

当今Web3的主流叙事是模块化，或者为了可扩展性而将区块链的不同功能层分离出来，即结算、数据可用性和执行。二层解决方案、乐观和ZK rollup、数据可用性层、侧链和状态通道都是模块化解决方案的示例。

区块链和Rollup的不断增加导致了用户和开发者体验的下降。模块化和众多链的世界导致了更多的流动性、应用程序和用户碎片化，用户体验变得非常复杂。这也适用于开发者，他们感受到了对特定技术堆栈的压力，同时限制了他们应用程序的受众。现在，当你构建一个Dapp时，通过选择单一链，你就把自己限制在了一个小众市场中。

我想提出一个更好的愿景，适用于整个以太坊生态系统和所有Web3：让我们通过链抽象化共同努力推进主流采用。这个想法是，必须将区块链与用户分离开来，以便它们不成为进入或参与的障碍。NEAR自2018年以来一直专注于这一愿景，如今已经成为Web3中用户最多的网络：每月活跃用户达1240万，总用户达3400万。

以下是我们如何通过Dapp吸引数十亿用户并消除Web3的碎片化。

这对用户意味着什么？

让我们想象一下使用Dapp应该是什么样子的：在不同网络之间轻松进行交易，使用单个界面浏览不同体验。举个例子，Alice拿起手机从锁屏界面打开了KAIKAI。她从本地店铺订了一杯冰沙，在应用程序中看到她最喜欢的服装店Maison有折扣活动，于是她订购了一双春季鞋。Alice发现自己已经赚了足够的KAICHING奖励可以在Maison兑换徽章，但她不知道这是 Polygon 上的 NFT，并在她的账户中兑换了它。

当她在当天晚些时候在KAIKAI应用程序中浏览Maison时，她她注意到她的新徽章上显示了一个优惠，可以购买他们商店里与她喜欢的 DJ 一起举办的独家活动的门票。她用KAICHING购买了门票，收到了两张票，她仍然不知道这是Arbitrum上的NFT。因为她有一个额外的名额，Alice邀请了她的朋友Bob和她一起来，并询问了他的地址。

Bob向Alice发送了他的NEAR地址，并打开了他的应用程序查看门票。他发送了一些ETH给Alice以表示对邀请的感谢，并查看了他帐户中的不同加密货币。由于他在地铁上并且有一些时间，他决定购买一些BTC，并使用USDC进行抵押，这样他就可以在Magic Eden上铸造一只Fighting Dragon NFT。他的朋友Charles之前发信息给他，说他们可以在NEAR上的一个新游戏中玩，他们的龙可以互相战斗，获得他们可以抵押的代币。

所有这些互动和交易都可以在一个单一的界面中进行，并且完全私密。没有钱包，没有切换网络，也没有交易费用要处理；这些都直接嵌入在交换或购买中，并由用户代表处理。Alice不需要担心门票是在哪个网络上，Bob可以用他想要的任何加密货币向她发送门票的款项资金，下一秒他就可以轻松地购买另一种加密货币。全部在一个应用程序中发生，这就是我们作为生态系统应该追求的无缝性水平。

我们如何实现链抽象化？

每个在 Web3 中构建应用程序的人都将受益于能够访问如此广阔的潜在用户市场（如本例所示），即任何使用应用程序的人。然而今天，开发者根据对流动性或特定Rollup或链的用户的访问选择网络，但在链抽象化的未来，他们可以只是选择最好的技术进行构建。用户将出现以获得最佳体验。

想象一下，如果Gmail用户不能将消息发送到Outlook地址，那将是多么不合理。对于Web3地址也是如此。链抽象化的核心假设是：终端用户不关心底层区块链。他们只想让应用程序工作。实际上，区块链只是从Web3中获取价值的基础设施：资产安全免于扣押、经济机会、消除交易中间人、全球无许可身份、数据来源、娱乐体验等。

链抽象化的核心目标是解决Web3日益碎片化的模块化景观。虽然这在用户体验层最为明显，但由于安全层的创新，流动性和账户的碎片化才成为可能。

零知识（ZK）引入了一种全新的账本安全方法。以前，人们需要信任一个去中心化的验证者集合，现在，即使只有一个单一的计算机，也可以用简单的证明证明规则是否被遵循。这意味着以前，开发者要么被迫在共享链上构建，要么花费巨大资源来启动新链，现在他们可以在自己的单一服务器上快速启动一个链。

这种新的范式引入了交叉结算的概念：随着越来越多的链成为完全可证明的ZK，如果在其他链上发布了某些证明，就没有办法撤销这条链而不需要撤销其他链。来自一条链的交易也可以通过ZK证明在多条其他链上结算。这提供了网状安全性，因为所有证明都不断被聚合，允许在这些链之间安全地移动资产。

为了实现统一的安全性，在堆栈的底层需要两件事：数据可用性，即使操作员离线，也为每个人提供同步的方式；以及为没有中心操作员的应用程序提供去中心化的排序器。

下一层是身份与安全性的统一。用户可以在所有可能的链上拥有一个地址，并自由地在它们之间移动资产。从用户的角度来看，这应该是一个单一的帐户，他们可以与不同链上的应用程序进行交互，并且资产会自动进行桥接或交换。

我称之为“帐户聚合”，并将在不久的另一篇文章中分享更多细节。NEAR将于2024年3月推出FastAuth的下一个版本，该版本具有将NEAR地址映射到EVM、比特币和其他地址的功能。NEAR帐户可以请求为另一条链签名交易。这使它们可以直接在NEAR上的智能合约中构建多链应用程序。

最后一层是统一体验层，或者应用程序层（例如DapDap），提供一种在不同链上与应用程序交互的方式，而无需用户切换或离开单一界面。去中心化的前端可以提供易于构建的链抽象化组件。NEAR可以通过NearJS实现这一点，结合数据索引和去中心化前端——V2也将于2024年3月推出。

NEAR如何实现链抽象化？

自2018年开始，NEAR生态系统一直致力于链抽象化愿景，专注于可用性、灵活的帐户模型和可支持数十亿用户的主流应用程序的高度可扩展区块链。如今，该堆栈已经扩展到支持跨链和各种应用程序的全链抽象。

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  Most of today's articles are not really decentralized applications. If users need to leave the application before they can start using it, it is actually not an application. It is just a front end. If users have to manually register and manage multiple account fees and bridges through exchanges, do you really build an application? I don't think so. This may explain why only millions of people in the world are using it. If we want to see it become a mainstream application, I will. Scientists believe that a more open and decentralized Internet that supports everyone's self-sovereignty is more beneficial to the world, so we need to do better. Today's mainstream narrative is modularity or separation of different functional layers of blockchain for scalability, that is, settlement of data availability and implementation of two-tier solutions. Optimism and data availability layers, side chains and status channels are examples of modular solutions, and the continuous increase of blockchain sum has led to the decline of user and developer experience. The world of chains has led to more mobile applications and users' fragmentation, and the user experience has become very complicated. This also applies to developers, who feel the pressure on a specific technology stack and limit the audience of their applications. Now when you build one, you limit yourself to a niche market by choosing a single chain. I want to propose a better vision that applies to the entire Ethereum ecosystem and let us work together to promote mainstream adoption through chain abstraction. The law is that the blockchain must be separated from users so that they will not become obstacles to entry or participation. Since, it has been focusing on this vision. Now it has become the network with the largest number of users in China, with monthly active users reaching 10,000 and total users below 10,000. This is how we attract billions of users and eliminate fragmentation. What does this mean for users? Let's imagine what it should be like to use it, easily trade between different networks, and use a single interface to browse different experiences. Let's take an example to hold hands. The machine opened from the lock screen interface. She ordered a smoothie from the local store. In the application, she saw that her favorite clothing store had a discount, so she ordered a pair of spring shoes and found that she had earned enough rewards to redeem the badge, but she didn't know it was on the screen and redeemed it in her account. When she browsed in the application later that day, she noticed that her new badge showed a discount to buy an exclusive event held with her favorite in their store. She bought the tickets and received two tickets. She still didn't know that it was on the train because she had an extra quota and invited her friend to come with her and asked his address. She sent his address to and opened his application to check the tickets. He sent some thanks for the invitation and checked the different cryptocurrencies in his account. Because he was on the subway and had some time, he decided to buy some and use them as collateral so that he could cast one on the train. His friend sent him a message saying that they can play in a new game on the Internet and their dragons can fight each other to get the tokens they can mortgage. All these interactions and transactions can be carried out in a single interface and are completely private. There is no wallet, no switching network and no transaction fee to deal with. These are directly embedded in the exchange or purchase and handled by the user representative. There is no need to worry about which network the tickets are on, and they can be sent to her with any encrypted currency he wants. In the next second, he can easily buy another cryptocurrency, all of which happens in one application. This is the seamless level that we should pursue as an ecosystem. How can we achieve chain abstraction? Everyone who builds an application in the process will benefit from being able to access such a vast potential user market, as shown in this example, that is, anyone who uses the application. However, today, developers choose networks according to their access to users who are liquid or specific or chain, but the chain abstraction is not. In the future, they can just choose the best technology to build it. Users will appear to get the best experience. Imagine how unreasonable it would be if users could not send messages to addresses. The core assumption of chain abstraction is that end users don't care about the underlying blockchain. In fact, the blockchain is just the infrastructure assets that get value from it, and it is safe from seizure, eliminating economic opportunities, eliminating transaction middlemen, global unlicensed identity, data sources, entertainment experiences, etc. The core goal of chain abstraction is to solve the increasingly fragmented modular landscape. Although this is most obvious in the user experience layer, it is possible because of the innovative liquidity of the security layer and the fragmentation of accounts. Zero knowledge has introduced a brand-new account book security method. In the past, people needed to trust a decentralized set of verifiers. Now even if there is only a single computer, it can prove whether the rules are followed by simple proof, which means that developers were either forced to build on the shared chain or not. Spending huge resources to start a new chain, now they can quickly start a chain on their own single server. This new paradigm introduces the concept of cross-settlement. As more and more chains become completely provable, if some proofs are published on other chains, there is no way to cancel this chain without canceling other chains. Transactions from one chain can also be settled on multiple other chains through proofs, which provides mesh security because all proofs are continuously aggregated and allowed to be in these chains. In order to achieve unified security, two things are needed at the bottom of the stack: data availability, which provides synchronization for everyone even if the operator is offline, and a decentralized sorter for applications without a central operator. The next layer is the unification of identity and security. Users can have an address on all possible chains and freely move assets between them. From the user's point of view, this should be a single account, and they can be on different chains. Applications interact and assets will be bridged or exchanged automatically. I call it account aggregation and will share more details in another article in the near future. The next version will be released in May. This version has the function of mapping addresses to bitcoin and other addresses. Accounts can request to sign transactions for another chain, which enables them to build multi-chain applications directly in the smart contract. The last layer is the unified experience layer or application layer. For example, it provides a way to interact with applications on different chains without users switching or leaving a single interface. The decentralized front end can provide easy construction. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

  可扩展、集成的区块链，每日活跃账户数可增长至10亿+

• 安全聚合堆栈由 NEAR DA、zkWASM（与 Polygon Labs 合作）和 EigenLayer 支持的 Fast Finality 组成

• 在此基础上进行帐户聚合，以便使用单个帐户在所有链上进行交易

• 数据层支持从整体式、集成式、模块化、私有链和许可链到以可预测协议查询数据的所有内容。

• 意图中继器可以使用此基础设施跨链执行复杂的意图

• 去中心化的前端为多链上的多个应用程序提供可发现性和可组合性，构建成一个体验。

• 超级（应用）钱包用户友好，并提供一种在不切换网络或处理Gas代币和桥接的情况下浏览整个Web3的方式。

重要的是，这些层中的每一层都支持来自Web3各个方面的构建者，包括以太坊、Rollup和L2，多链未来正在变成链抽象化的未来。

最后

2024年是隐藏多链基础设施复杂性的一年，以提供我们正在努力实现的Web3体验。改善可用性和可发现性应该是所有Web3构建者的首要任务，同时解决流动性碎片化和安全性权衡。

让我们让链抽象化成为一种运动。NEAR生态系统邀请来自Web3各个方面的构建者利用我们提供的解决方案，并与我们合作共同构建更多的链抽象化解决方案。