玩家揭比特币洗钱内幕：国内买国外卖 几分钟转移资产
刷高交易量吸引投资方非法转移资产几分钟就可完成
A high volume of transactions attracts investors to illegally transfer assets for a few minutes to complete.
“玩家”揭露利用比特币洗钱内幕
& ldquao; player & rdquao; exposing the inside of the money laundering using Bitcoin
来源：法制日报——法制网
Source: Rule of Law Daily & mdash; — Rule of Law Network
制图/李晓军
利用电脑破解一个复杂算法就会产生一枚比特币。比特币是去中心化的，其发行量不依赖于任何发行者，仅依赖于算法本身。任何一台连接互联网的电脑都可以进行点对点比特币转账，资金的流动只依赖于网络，不需要通过第三方机构如银行等，所以根本就无法被监管。
Any computer connected to the Internet can make point-to-point bitcoin transfers, and the flow of funds is based on networks and does not require third-party institutions, such as banks, so that it cannot be regulated at all.
比特币可以在互联网之外换成其他传统货币。美国MtGox交易所网站实时显示比特币兑美元、欧元等世界主要货币牌价。
Bitcoins can be replaced with other traditional currencies outside the Internet. The US MtGox website shows in real time the world’s main currency prices, such as the United States dollar and the euro.
比特币常被用来进行非法资产转移——用本国货币买入比特币，在国外交易平台卖出，再以美元取出
Bitcoin is often used for illicit asset transfers — — bought in local currency, sold on foreign trading platforms, then removed in United States dollars
□法制网记者赵丽□法制网实习生刘雪妍
□ Rule of Law Network journalist Jo Li, Rule of Law Network intern Liu Sheyan
近期，1枚比特币的价格跃至1万元人民币。谈及此事，曾经的“玩家”刘永淡淡地说，“比特币一言不合就翻倍，一言不合就腰斩，现在比以前要温和不少。2013年年底，1枚比特币价格达到1238美元，当天价格超过黄金每盎司单价。然后，一路震荡到160美元”。
Recently, the price of a bitcoin jumped to RMB 10,000. Speaking of this, “ player & rdquo; & & ldquo; & & ldquo; and Bitcoin, which doubles and doubles, is now much more moderate than before. At the end of 2013, a bitcoin was worth US$ 1238, which exceeds the price per ounce of gold that day. Then, it shook the whole way to US$ 160 & rdquao.
今年以来，在中国市场，比特币交易价格经历了几次“跳水”，不过随后又逐渐反弹，并创出新高。2017年1月11日，中国人民银行在北京、上海督查比特币三大交易平台，比特币价格“闪崩”，当日跌幅达17.92%。2月9日，央行发布《人民银行营业管理部继续约谈在京比特币交易平台》公告后，比特币价格跌幅达6.63%。
This year, in the Chinese market, Bitcoin trading prices have experienced several & ldquo; jumping & rdquo; but they have gradually rebounded, and have created new heights. On 11 January 2017, the People’s Bank of China, three major trading platforms & & & & & & ldquo; crash & & & rdquo; a 17.92% fall on the day. On 9 February, the Central Bank continued to interview the Ministry of the People’s Bank’s Operations and Administration of the People’s Bank, which dropped by 6.63%, following the announcement of the Kyoto Bitco deal platform.
梳理比特币交易价格的每一次大幅涨跌可以发现，在所有影响因素中，“合法性”几乎占据了决定性的地位。
Each of the steep increases and drops in the price of the transaction of the combing bitcoin shows that, of all the influencing factors, &ldquao; legality & rdquao; and almost decisive position.
“合法性”问题未解决
& ldquao; Legitimacy & rdquao; problem unresolved
事实上，能消费比特币的地方并不多，更多时候只是在比特币发烧友之间支付。在实体经济中，比特币的“购买力”与法定货币差得远，甚至比不上虚拟的腾讯Q币。
In fact, there are not many places to consume bitcoin, more often just between bitcoin fever friends. In the real economy, bitcoin’s & ldquao; purchasing power & rdquao; and far from the legal currency, even from the virtual Queen.
不过，相比腾讯Q币等，比特币有个巨大优势：能套现。也就是说，比特币可以在互联网之外换成其他传统货币。美国MtGox交易所网站实时显示比特币兑美元、欧元等世界主要货币牌价。
This means that bitcoins can be replaced with other traditional currencies outside the Internet. The US MtGox website shows in real time the world’s main currency prices, such as the United States dollar and the euro.
“比特币热”要从2008年说起，一位名叫中本聪（可能是化名）的程序员写了一篇概述比特币设计的论文，描述了这种以电子方式交易的货币，只要你的电脑接入了互联网，就可以将货币转移到世界上任何一个角落。它被命名为比特币（bitcoin）。
& & ldquo; Bitcoin heat” starting in 2008, a programmer named Nakamoto (possibly aliases) wrote a paper outlining the design of Bitcoin, describing the currency that is traded electronically, which can be transferred to any corner of the world as long as your computer is connected to the Internet. It is named Bitcoin.
中本聪设计了一个复杂的算法，你用电脑去破解这个算法就会产生比特币，这被称为“挖矿”。当你的电脑完成了一定的任务后，一枚新比特币就会被创造出来。
Nakamoto designed a complex algorithm, and you use a computer to crack that algorithm to produce bitcoin, which is called &ldquao; mine mining & rdquao; and when your computer completes a certain task, a new bitcoin is created.
最初，这些工作很容易完成，只要用你的电脑就能很快生产出一堆比特币。当你下载比特币客户端软件并设置为“开采”模式，你就等于将自家的电脑贡献给整个网络做计算，从中获得的奖励就是50个比特币。这和同样是P2P模式的BT下载原理很像，你的电脑既在下载资源，也是上传资源的种子。随着加入者越来越多，没有强大显卡的计算机在几年内不可能开采到比特币。
Initially, it's easy to do this, and you can quickly produce a bunch of bitcoins with your computer. When you download the bitcoin client software and set it up as “ mining & rdquo; the pattern is that you contribute your own computer to the network as a whole, and the reward is 50 bitcoins. This is similar to the same BT download in the P2P model, and your computer is both downloading and uploading the resource. As more and more people join it, computers without a strong card cannot be mined in bitcoin in a few years.
在比特币论坛上，一位曾经售卖计算机显卡的销售人员用“打了鸡血”来形容2011年比特币对他的刺激。2011年4月，他卖出了270张显卡，“那时候来店里采购高端显卡的，一聊起来，十之八九就是用来搞比特币的，还在我店里现场演示挖矿，用来比较挑选显卡”。
At the Bitcoin Forum, a salesman who used to sell computer cards used “ hit chicken blood & rdquao; to describe his 2011 stimulus for Bitcoin. In April 2011, he sold 270 cards, &ldquao; when he came to the store to buy high-end cards, talking about it, 10 octies were used to get bitcoin, and in my store he displayed mine digging on the spot to compare the selection of the cards & rdquao;
这种网上交易是否安全，是人们最关心的一点。按照密码学设计，所有比特币用户通过一个分布式网络连接，每个用户有一对密钥，私有密钥是身份认证，隐藏在计算机中；公共密钥是接受别人发送比特币的地址。
The safety of such online transactions is one of the most important concerns. By cryptography, all Bitcoin users are connected through a distributed network, with each user having a pair of keys, the private key being authentication, hidden in a computer; the public key is accepting someone else to send a Bitcoin address.
和真实货币相比，比特币交易自由得多。据业内人士介绍，任何一台连接互联网的电脑都可以进行点对点比特币转账，资金的流动只依赖于网络，不需要通过第三方机构如银行等，所以根本就无法被监管，银行也就没办法收手续费，也不会有所谓的额度限制。
Bitcoin transactions are much freer than real currencies. According to industry sources, any computer connected to the Internet can make point-to-point bitcoin transfers, and the flow of funds is based on a network that does not need to go through third-party institutions, such as banks, so that they cannot be regulated, and banks cannot collect fees or so-called limits.
不过，按照设计，随着越来越多的比特币被创造出来，你的电脑就需要做更多的工作才能创造出新的比特币，最终大约到2040年，比特币的总量会永远限制在2100万枚。
However, by design, as more and more bitcoins are created, your computer will need to do more to create new bitcoins, and eventually, by about 2040, the amount of bitcoins will be permanently limited to 21 million.
“一个最大的特点是，比特币是去中心化的，其发行量不依赖于任何发行者，比如银行、政府和企业，而仅依赖于算法本身，这就从根本上保证了任何人或机构都不可能操纵比特币的总量。”北京邮电大学通信法研究中心主任娄耀雄告诉《法制日报》记者。
& ldquo; The biggest feature is that Bitcoin is decentralised, and its distribution is not dependent on any issuer, such as banks, governments, and businesses, but on the algorithm itself, which essentially ensures that no person or institution can manipulate the amount of Bitcoin. ” Yoo Yoo, Director of the Communications Law Research Centre at Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, told the Rule of Law Journal reporter.
2011年，维基解密、互联网档案、自由软件基金会、电子前哨基金会等组织，宣布接受比特币的捐赠。一些互联网企业随后也表示接受比特币的付款方式。然而，由于法律地位前景不明，其中部分组织此后又宣布停止接收比特币。
In 2011, organizations such as WikiLeaks, the Internet Archives, the Free Software Foundation, and the Electronic Frontline Foundation announced their acceptance of the Bitcoin donation. Some Internet companies subsequently indicated their acceptance of the Bitcoin payment modality.
2013年8月19日，德国政府成为全球第一个正式认可比特币合法身份的国家。10月29日，加拿大温哥华激活全球第一部比特币自动提款机。
On August 19, 2013, the German government became the first country in the world to officially recognize the legal identity of Bitcoin. On October 29, Vancouver, Canada, activated the world's first Bitcoin ATM.
要真正得以流通，一个合法的身份必不可少。但是，包括中国在内的大多数国家，均未认可比特币的合法货币地位。正因为此，在比特币价格的众多影响因素中，“合法性”几乎成了决定性的一个因素。
But most countries, including China, do not recognize the legal monetary status of bitcoins. That is why, among the many factors influencing bitcoin prices, &ldquao; legitimacy & rdquao; and almost decisive.
2013年11月19日，美国参议院就比特币引起的政策问题进行讨论，这在当天刺激了比特币价格的飙升，但是会上并没有人提出立法的建议。这种谨慎的态度，让比特币的价格在当天冲高后迅速回落。
On 19 November 2013, the United States Senate held discussions on the policy issues raised by Bitcoin, which stimulated a surge in bitcoin prices on the same day, but no legislative proposals were made. This cautious approach allowed Bitcoin’s prices to fall quickly after the same day.
在中国，不到一个月后，中国人民银行官网上公布了央行等五部门此前下发的《关于防范比特币风险的通知》，明确比特币只是一种特定的虚拟商品，不能且不应作为货币在市场上流通使用。
In China, less than a month later, the People's Banking Officer of China posted on the Internet a previously issued Notice for Protection against Bitcoin Risk by the Central Bank and five other sectors, making it clear that Bitcoin is only a specific virtual commodity and cannot and should not be used as a currency in the market.
“黑手段”不断出现
& ldquao; black means & rdquao; recurring
由于在很多国家没有获得合法性，比特币一直陷入争议之中，其中最突出的质疑是，比特币非常容易成为不法分子的洗钱工具。比如，黑客将比特币作为受攻击者支付“赎金”的方式。
Because of the lack of legitimacy in many countries, bitcoin has been in dispute, the most prominent of which is the fact that bitcoin is very easy to become a money-laundering tool for outlaws. For example, hackers pay bitcoin as a & ldquao; ransom & rdquao; the way in which they pay their victims.
从2014年开始，一种诡异的敲诈方式陆续在世界各地出现：用户某天打开电脑一看，突然发现自己所有文档文件都被加密了，屏幕上一行大标题写着“你的文件都已被加密”（your files are encrypted）；标题下面详细介绍了支付赎金的方法——将一个比特币发给特定的账户，收到钱后就会把解密的密码发给你。
Starting in 2014, a strange form of extortion has emerged around the world: one day a user opens a computer and suddenly discovers that all his document files are encrypted, and the headlines on the screen are &ldquao; your files are encrypted & &rdquao; your files are encrypted; — & mdash; sending a bitcoin to a specific account and the decrypted password to you when the money is received.
如果你稍有迟疑，勒索的赎金价格就会翻倍；一旦超过了规定的付款时间，敲诈者就再也不会理你。电脑里的图片、文档、资料等文件，此刻都已经被64位加密成为“人质”。有些苹果用户也遇到类似的敲诈：有人窃取Apple ID后，谎称手机丢失而将设备锁定，并留下一个联系方式勒索。
If you hesitate a little, the ransom price for ransom will double; once the payment time has passed, the blackmailer will never listen to you again. The pictures, files, information, etc. in the computer are now being encrypted by 64 people as “ hostage & & rdquo; some apple users encounter similar blackmail: someone who steals Apple ID falsely claims that the mobile phone is missing and locks the equipment and leaves a contact to extort.
美国一些连锁快餐店也曾接到纸质或电子版的敲诈信，嫌疑人向店老板勒索1个比特币，超过规定时间则加码到3个。嫌疑人威胁说，如果不付钱，他们就会在点评网站上给该餐厅狂打差评；冒充消费者，向消费者权益保护部门投诉该餐厅乱收费；疯狂拨打餐厅的客服热线骚扰；蓄意毁坏餐厅财物；冒充顾客虚假下单订餐，搞得外卖小哥整天空跑；还会给警方和卫生管理部门匿名举报，捏造该餐厅涉嫌提供变质食物、洗钱、逃税等犯罪线索，反正就是怎么恶心怎么来。
Some fast-food chains in the United States have also received letters of extortion in paper or electronic form, and suspects have extorted a bitcoin from shop owners, adding up to three more times than required. Suspects have threatened to misjudge the restaurant on an evaluation website if they do not pay for it; acting as consumers and complaining to the consumer protection department about the restaurant's charges; madly harassing the restaurant's customer service hotline; deliberately damaging the restaurant's property; pretending to be a fake customer's order to order a meal, causing him to leave the restaurant empty all day; and anonymously reporting to the police and health authorities that the restaurant is suspected of providing criminal clues about spoiling food, money laundering, tax evasion, etc.
除了网络勒索外，洗钱、非法交易、逃避外汇管制等也利用了比特币的匿名性特点。
In addition to cyber extortion, money-laundering, illegal transactions, evasion of foreign exchange controls, etc., have also taken advantage of the anonymity of Bitcoin.
2013年10月，利用比特币进行匿名非法买卖的电子交易平台Silk Road被美国多个执法部门查缴，同时被查封的还有26000个比特币，当时约值360万美元。平台创始人和运营者罗斯·威廉姆斯·乌布利希——一个从无前科、正在攻读学位的29岁的年轻人以“恐怖海盗罗伯茨”的另一重身份活跃在网上，在短短两年时间内将Silk Road变成网络世界最大的“黑市”，拥有近100万名客户，销售总额高达12亿美元。在这个平台上，服务涵盖了办假护照、非法入侵系统和获取信息、买卖毒品武器、提供色情服务等，只是所有交易都通过比特币支付完成。正是利用了比特币的匿名性特征，不法分子“完美”避开了监管部门通过银行卡交易记录追踪每笔钱来龙去脉的可能。
In October 2013, Silk Road, an electronic trading platform using Bitcoin for anonymous illicit trade, was seized by several United States law enforcement agencies and seized with 26,000 bitcoins, at that time worth about $3.6 million. Ross·, the founder and operator of the platform, Williams· Ubrishi & mdash; & mdash, a 29-year-old young person who had no priors and was studying his degree, was “ Roberts & rdquo, a terrorist pirate, was also active online, using the anonymous character of Bitcoin, to turn Silkad into the largest & ldquao in the world; Black City & & rdquao; with nearly 1 million customers, selling up to $1.2 billion. On this platform, services covered counterfeit passports, illegal intrusion systems, and access to information, drug trafficking, and the provision of pornographic services, all of which were paid through Bitcot.
“赌博是比特币的另一大支柱，主要是因为一个网站。这个网站利用比特币的区块链（区块链是比特币技术中的核心部分，其功能简单而言类似于一种账本，记录所有的交易数据——记者注）研制了一种算法，使得去其网站下注的人一定是无法作弊的，从算法上保证了公正性，所以深受赌徒们的欢迎，这家网站只收取交易提成。”刘永对《法制日报》记者说，有洗钱和赌博这两个“刚需”支撑，比特币一时半会很难死掉，或者说在二级市场上崩溃了再拉起来。使用比特币洗钱的人把钱兑换到比特币“黑箱”里，然后马上兑换出来，整个过程不超过几分钟。
& & ldquo; Gambling is another major pillar of Bitcoin, mainly because of a website. The site uses the Bitcoin block chain (the block chain is the core part of Bitcoin technology and its function is simply similar to that of an account book recording all transaction data & mdash; & mdash; journalist notes) to develop an algorithm that makes it impossible for those who go to their website to make a mistake, to ensure fairness in the algorithm, and thus to be popular with the gamblers, which only receives transactions. & & rdquo; Liu Young told the Journal of the Rule of Law that there are two & ldquao; & & rdquo; & rdquo; & rdquo; support, it's hard to die at half a time, or to pull it up again in the secondary market.
除此，据业内人士介绍，比特币还被用来进行非法资产转移——用本国货币买入比特币，在国外交易平台卖出，再以美元取出，几分钟就可以完成资产转移。
In addition, according to industry sources, Bitcoin is also used for illicit asset transfers — — bought in national currency, sold on foreign trading platforms and taken out in United States dollars, and the transfer of assets can be completed in a few minutes.
监管会越来越严
regulation will become more and more stringent
对于刘永来说，比特币场外交易的赚钱方法其实并不神秘，就是“搬砖套利”，通过国内外交易平台的价差，低买高卖来做套利。
For Liu Yong, the methods of making money for trading out of Bitcoin are not really mysterious: &ldquao; brick arbitrage & rdquao; and arbitrage through low prices and high prices for domestic and foreign trading platforms.
刘永说，2013年，比特币有一波暴涨行情，国内外价差比较大，“最多的时候，一天在国外市场买了500万美元的比特币，然后在国内卖，当时价差达到了10%”。
Liu Yung said that in 2013, Bitcoin experienced a wave of surges, with a relatively large difference in domestic and foreign prices & “ at most, $5 million was purchased in foreign markets one day and sold domestically, with a difference of 10 per cent & rdquo;
火币网、OKCoin（币行）、比特币中国是目前国内三家最大的比特币交易平台。在很长一段时间里，一些交易平台数据显示，每天的比特币交易量甚至超过惊人的上百万个。不过，刘永说，这些数字中的水分很大，真实的比特币交易量远远没有那么多。
For a long time, data from some trading platforms indicate that daily bitcoins are even more than a hundred million. Liu Yong says, however, that these figures contain a lot of water, and that the real bitcoins are far less.
交易量虚高的原因也不神秘，就是几乎成为“行规”的刷量。业内人士介绍，一般来说，比特币交易平台刷量有三种方式：一是直接虚报交易量；二是设立账户，挂一个程序通过自交易的方式进行对倒，这种对倒表面上形成了交易，实质没有发生比特币转移；三是设立两个账户，通过程序实现两个账户之间的高频对倒。
The reasons for the high volume of transactions are not mysterious, either because they are almost “ rules & & rdquo; or brushes. Industry sources have described three ways in which Bitcoin trading platforms are generally brushed: one is to report directly the volume of transactions; the other is to set up an account with a procedure that is reversed through a self-trading process, which constitutes a transaction on the face of which no Bitcoin is actually transferred; and the third is to set up two accounts that allow for high frequency opposites between the two accounts through a procedure.
刘永说，刷量在技术上很容易实现，只需要写代码就能完成。刷量的目的在于制造虚假繁荣，从而吸引更多投资方和聚拢用户。而要实现这一效果，与零手续费交易模式密不可分。交易平台此前普遍对比特币交易免费，只是在提现环节收取手续费。
Liu Young said that brushing was technically easy to achieve, and would only be done by writing the code. The aim of the brushing was to create a false boom that would attract more investors and users.
在零手续费模式下，一些程序化交易用户利用代码、机器人(18.920, 0.24, 1.28%)进行自动交易，由于不同平台之间存在价差，而且交易平台又不收手续费，因此存在一定套利空间，也是造成比特币交易量超高的原因之一。
Under the zero fees model, some process-trading users use codes, robots (18.920, 0.24, 1.28 per cent) for automated transactions, and the existence of a certain margin of interest due to price differentials between different platforms and the fact that the trading platforms do not charge fees is also one of the reasons for the high volume of Bitcoin transactions.
这种现象已经引起监管层的注意。2017年1月6日，中国人民银行上海总部和北京营业管理部先后约谈了火币网、币行（OKCoin）、比特币中国（BTCChina）主要负责人。5天后，中国人民银行联合调查组进驻三大交易平台，就相关情况进行现场检查。
On 6 January 2017, the Shanghai headquarters of the People’s Bank of China and the Ministry of Business Management in Beijing interviewed the principals of the currency network, the currency line (OKCoin), and the BTC China China (BTchina). Five days later, the joint investigation team of the People’s Bank of China took up three main trading platforms and conducted on-site inspections of the situation.
此后，中国人民银行于1月11日下发通知，要求北京、上海两地联合当地金融局、工商局和公安局，组成执法检查组，进驻三家平台进行综合执法检查。
Subsequently, on 11 January, the People's Bank of China issued a circular requesting Beijing, Shanghai and Shanghai to join the local financial authorities, the Bureau of Commerce and Industry and the Directorate of Public Security to form law enforcement inspection teams and to establish three platforms for comprehensive law enforcement inspections.
受访的业内人士几乎达成一致观点——“未来监管肯定会越来越严”。刘永认为，监管趋严将来自两个方向，一是客户身份验证会越来越严；二是交易平台的衍生业务哪些可以做哪些不可以，这方面会越来越严。
& mdash; — “ & & & & & ; & & & & ; & & & ; ; & & & & & & ;. Liu Young believes that the tightening of regulation will come from two directions, the first being that client identification will become more stringent; and the second being that the derivatives of the trading platform will become more and more stringent. /
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