区块链，让价值互联网露出曙光
2014年2月20日，美国波士顿火车站内安装比特币自动柜员机。比特币是一种数字货币，能够被匿名买卖，在网络世界中能够代替现金或者信用卡使用。图为顾客正在使用比特币自动柜员机进行交易。人民视觉
Bitcoin is a digital currency that can be bought and sold anonymously and used in the online world as a substitute for cash or credit cards. The figure is that customers are trading with Bitcoin ATMs.
中国人民银行（央行）数字货币大事记。人民视觉
二十国集团（G20）杭州峰会首次将数字经济列为一项重要议题，并通过了《G20数字经济发展与合作倡议》。区块链是数字货币的技术载体，是发展数字经济的重要形态。它不仅可能重塑货币市场、支付系统、金融服务及经济形态的方方面面，而且将会改变人们生活的多个领域
The Group of Twenty (G20) Hangzhou Summit made the digital economy an important topic for the first time and adopted the G-20 Digital Economic Development and Cooperation Initiative. The block chain is the technological vehicle for digital money and is an important shape for the development of the digital economy. It may not only reshape all aspects of the money market, payment systems, financial services, and economic patterns, but it will also change many areas of life.
学理基础是共识算法和智能合约
The science is based on consensus algorithms and smart contracts.
2009年1月上线运行的区块链技术，被誉为第二代互联网，人们预测它必可能会像第一代互联网一样，给人们生活带来翻天覆地的变化。一般意义上，我们把第一代互联网叫做信息互联网，主要是利用互联网技术来更快更好地进行信息传输，中国的“BAT”（百度、阿里巴巴和腾讯）这三家公司，其实做的都是信息传播的生意；区块链技术的运用，预示着价值互联网时代的到来。所谓价值互联网，就是使得人们能够在互联网上，像传递信息一样方便、快捷、低成本地传递价值，尤其是资金。
The block chain technology that went online in January 2009 and was known as the second generation of the Internet, one predicts that it could bring about a dramatic change in people's lives, like the first generation of the Internet. In general, we call the first generation of the Internet the Information Internet, primarily using Internet technology to deliver information more quickly and better. The three companies in China's “BAT” (100 degrees, Alibaba and Totem), in fact, are information-dissemination businesses; and the use of block chain technology heralds the advent of a value Internet age.
区块链技术是一种互联网数据库技术，其特点是去中心化、公开透明，让每个人均可参与数据库记录。这是一种全民参与记账的方式，所有的系统背后都有一个数据库，也就是一个大账本。那么谁来记这个账本就变得很重要。目前就是谁的系统谁来记账，各个银行的账本就是各个银行在记，支付宝的账本就是阿里巴巴在记。但现在区块链系统中，系统中的每个人都可以有机会参与记账。在一定时间段内如果有新的交易数据变化，系统中每个人都可以来进行记账，系统会评判这段时间内记账最快最好的人，将其记录的内容写到账本，并将这段时间内账本内容发给系统内其他人进行备份。这样系统中的每个人都有了一本完整的账本。因此，这些数据就会变得非常安全。篡改者需要同时修改超过半数的系统节点数据才能真正地篡改数据，其代价极高，导致几乎不可能。
Block chain technology is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralisation, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to participate in database records. It is a way for everyone to be involved in bookkeeping, and all systems have a database behind them. It becomes important who keeps the book. Who's the recordr at the moment, the bank's books are the bank's books, the bank's books are Ali Baba's books. But now, in block chain systems, everyone in the system has the opportunity to be involved in bookkeeping. If there is a new change in transactional data, everyone in the system can record the account over a period of time, the system will judge the fastest person in the period, write the contents of its records to the account book, and send them back to others in the system. So everyone in the system has a complete book.
同时资金传递不再需要金融中介来作为信任背书，而是依靠一整套数学算法来约束，人们可以点对点地发起自助金融交换。毕竟，点对点的交换可以省去不菲的中介费用。据粗略统计，全球每年的小额跨境汇款，光手续费就要花费近200亿美元，如果用区块链解决方案，这笔费用几乎可以完全省去。
At the same time, financial transfers no longer require financial intermediation as a endorsement of trust, but rather rely on a set of mathematical algorithms that allow people to launch self-help financial exchanges on a point-to-point basis. After all, point-to-point exchanges can save up to a lot of intermediation costs.
区块链如何实现信息社会的分布式架构？首先，作为分布式账本技术，它第一次对几百年来一成不变的记账方法——复式记账法，作了较大的改进。这个改进有可能改变金融行业的清结算方法，变净额交收为实时全额交收。交收方式的改变意味着金融系统也可以像区块链一样，24小时运转，实时结算，实时到账。其次，作为分布式数据库技术，它可以建立一个共享信息的公共系统，任何人都可以成为数据录入员，任何人都拥有完整的数据。依靠一套共识算法，就可以保证数据的真实、准确和透明，该数据库记录的数据可追踪、可审计、不可篡改。第三，作为可编程技术，汇丰银行去年的一份研究报告认为，各国央行可以利用区块链的可编程技术，追踪央行发行的法定数字货币的流动，精准地执行货币政策。区块链业界也在使用区块链的可编程性，创设能够帮助人们自动执行约定的计算机程序，即智能合约。智能合约技术成熟后，不仅金融交易完全自动化，节省大量的中后台行政人员，而且可编程经济时代将能真正实现。
First, as a distributional database technology, it can create a public system for sharing information, anyone can be a data-recorder, and anyone has complete data. With a consensus algorithm, the data recorded in the database can be tracked, audited and non-recordable. Third, as a programming technique, a study last year by the HSBC concluded that central banks could use the programming techniques of the block chains, track the flow of legal digital currency issued by central banks, and implement monetary policy precisely.
区块链其实并不新鲜，早在上世纪60年代就有人开始进行学术探讨。当时有数学家就发表过论文，探讨区块链的基础算法——共识算法。上世纪90年代初，一位叫尼克扎博的密码学家也开始探讨智能合约。智能合约是指当一个预先编好的条件被触发时，智能合约执行相应的合同条款。可以说，区块链技术有幸诞生在2009年，只是在移动互联网时代，区块链各项相关技术在分布式网络技术上得以集成而已。
In the early 1990s, a cryptographer named Niczabo also began to explore smart contracts. Smart contracts mean that smart contracts implement the corresponding contract terms when a prearranged condition is triggered.
除了技术背景之外，我们还可以看到区块链的经济学背景——哈耶克的自由主义经济学。从社会思潮来看，区块链技术的发展明显受到著名社会学家凯文·凯利的《失控》的影响。《失控》是一本论述人类社会、自然万物和科学技术如何进化的书籍，凯文·凯利在书里把工业社会的进化论总结为基于机械逻辑的进化论，把信息社会的进化论总结为基于生物逻辑的进化论。基于生物逻辑的进化论可以概括为三个词：分布式、去中心、自组织。
In addition to the technical context, we can also see the economic context of the block chain: the liberal economics of Hayek. Social thinking suggests that the development of the block chain technology is clearly influenced by the famous sociologist Kevin Kelly’s Out of Control. Out of Control is a book on the evolution of human society, nature, and science and technology, in which Kevin Kelly summed up the evolution of industrial society as an evolutionary theory based on mechanical logic, and the evolution of the information society as an evolutionary theory based on biological logic.
金融街和物联网得风气之先
It's the first thing in the world to be connected to finance streets and goods.
区块链应用前景几乎不可限量。金融行业因为是最数字化的行业，所以被认为是可以最先应用区块链技术的行业。目前，大部分区块链创业者的目标，确实是瞄准各种各样的金融行业应用，比较成熟的已经有支付、跨境汇款、众筹、数字资产交易等。还有几十个金融应用场景，正在各大金融机构的区块链创新实验室里进行试验、验证，不久的将来陆续加入到金融行业的生产环境中。预计10年之后，区块链技术将成为金融行业核心生产系统的基础平台，金融业面貌必将焕然一新。与对待互联网金融的态度不同，这次全球主要金融机构在金融科技（FinTech）上行动非常积极。不仅华尔街的几位重量级人物纷纷跨界到区块链行业创业；而且全球最重要的两个区块链联盟都设立在纽约；据报道，2016年对金融科技的风险投资，纽约也超过了硅谷。
The financial sector, because it is the most digital industry, is considered to be the first to apply block-chain technology. At present, most block-chain entrepreneurs are targeting a wide variety of financial sector applications, with more sophisticated payments, cross-border remittances, crowd-sourcing, digital asset transactions, etc. There are dozens of financial applications that are being tested and validated in regional innovation laboratories in major financial institutions, and will soon be added to the financial sector’s production environment. Ten years later, it is expected that sector-chain technology will become the backbone of the financial sector’s core production system.
区块链技术的另一个巨大应用前景在物联网方面。美国国际商业机器公司（IBM）2014年发表的物联网白皮书《设备民主》给出了这样一个结论：当2050年联网在线的设备达到1000亿台时，通信带宽以及中心数据库都不可能承担传输、存储和处理这个当量的数据，而且这个数量级设备的身份认证也是现有技术无法管理好的。区块链也许是千亿设备级物联网的最优雅的解决方案。要真正地实现所有权与使用权分离的共享经济社会，区块链技术也许确实是最优的解决方案：把租车人的身份和汽车的身份都登记在区块链总账上，那么租车就像下楼开自己的车一样方便，车辆的出租方也能在区块链上以秒级时间确认租车人的身份，如果再加上智能合约，一切都自动完成，拥有它与使用它也就完全没有区别了。
Another huge application of block chain technology is in terms of material networking. The 2014 White Paper on Networking of Materials, published by International Business Machines (IBM) in the United States, entitled “Equator Democracy”, concludes that when 100 billion devices are online in 2050, neither the telecommunications bandwidth nor the central database can afford to transmit, store and process this amount of data, and the identification of this quantum device cannot be managed well. The block chain may be the most elegant solution for connecting hundreds of millions of equipment levels. To truly separate ownership from access, the block chain technology may indeed be the best solution: to register the identity of the tenant and the identity of the car on the block chain ledger, it would be as convenient as to drive its own vehicle downstairs, and the rental party of the vehicle would be able to confirm the identity of the tenant at the second stage of the block chain, and if all of the smart contracts were automatically completed, it would be completely different from the use of it.
我们已经从信息互联网时代走向价值互联网时代，互联网正在成为各行各业的基础设施。作为第二代互联网，区块链技术是互联网TCP/IP结构中与超文本传输协议（HTTP）同等重要的价值传输协议，也可以说，HTTP与区块链价值传输协议（BLOCKCHAIN）是互联网应用协议中最核心的两个协议。因为信息互联网，人类社会已经发生了翻天覆地的变化，社会福利因此大幅增加；因为价值互联网，人类社会也必将迎来一场更完美的革命。
As a second-generation Internet, block-chain technology is a value transfer protocol that is as important in the Internet TPCP/IP structure as the Hypertext Transfer Agreement (HTTP), and it can also be said that HTTP and the Block-Link Value Transfer Agreement (BLOCKCHAIN) are two of the most central protocols in Internet applications. Because of the information Internet, human society has changed dramatically, so social welfare has increased; because of the value Internet, human society is bound to embark on a more perfect revolution.
正是因为这样的共识， 一些国家政府对区块链持积极态度。对区块链上的第一个产品——数字货币比特币，欧盟承认比特币是货币，按照货币监管；美国把比特币归为资产，等同于石油等大宗商品。区块链是金融科技的基础设施和核心技术之一，一些国家还设立了沙盒机制支持区块链技术等金融科技。沙盒机制是指在计算机世界，一个新的系统要上线应用，为安全起见，一般都会先设置一个测试环境，在测试之后才能进入真正的生产系统中。英国、新加坡和澳大利亚三国监管机构还宣布认可对方的沙盒机制，创业公司在任何一方沙盒的实验成果在三国都通用。近一年，美英等国的央行都宣称正在研究发行法定数字货币。
For the first product on the block chain – the digital currency bitcoin – the EU recognizes Bitcoin as a currency, subject to monetary regulation; the US classifies Bitcoin as an asset, equivalent to major commodities such as oil. The block chain is one of the infrastructure and core technologies of financial science and technology, and some countries have set up sandbox mechanisms to support financial technologies such as block chain technology.
区块链技术已经进入了加速发展的新阶段。最初区块链是由一群草根技术极客们以社区的方式开发；近几年一批创业者们开始利用风险投资基金的支持，从小做起；2016年，微软、IBM、英特尔等公司纷纷进入区块链行业，预计区块链技术的成熟速度将会加快。
Block chain technology has entered a new phase of accelerated development. The block chain was initially developed in a community-based manner by a group of grass-roots technologists; a group of entrepreneurs have begun to use the support of venture capital funds in recent years, starting at an early age; in 2016, Microsoft, IBM, Intel, among others, entered the block chain industry, and it is expected that the maturity of block chain technology will accelerate.
借区块链发展或可弯道超车
I'm going to borrow a block chain or I'm going to bend overboard.
全球市值最大的10家互联网公司分布在中美两国。预计在第二代互联网——价值互联网时代，这个市场格局仍能够保持。美国互联网公司胜在既有市场规模，又有原创技术；中国互联网公司目前还只是拥有市场规模，缺乏原创技术。
In the second generation of the Internet – the value Internet – this market pattern is expected to remain in place. US Internet companies have both market size and original technology; and Chinese Internet companies now only have market size and lack original technology.
目前区块链技术还处于发展的初期阶段，离金融行业的实际应用尚有一段距离。区块链的两个核心技术，即共识算法和加密算法，都存在很大优化、完善的空间，甚至也还有创新创造的空间。抓住区块链发展的关键机遇期，也许能提供给我们一次弯道超车、领先世界的机会。
At present, block chain technology is at an early stage of development, some distance from the practical application of the financial sector. Both core block chain technologies, namely consensus algorithms and encryption algorithms, have much room for optimization, refinement, and even innovation.
不妨可以考虑使用区块链的可编程性，实现依靠智能合约自动执行央行的货币政策。所谓“买酱油的钱不能打醋”。我们还可以借助区块链技术，建立一个智能债券平台。在智能债券平台上，债券的发行、交易、结算全部自动化，不再需要银行的中后台进行交易后的清结算，就可以利用可编程性约定发行的规模、利率，也可以约定投资者限制、发行债券的资金用途、募集资金的流通范围等。智能债券平台只允许“一带一路”沿线国家在这个智能债券平台上发债融资。区块链可编程性可以保证在这个智能债券平台上发行的债券，其资金会真正用在“一带一路”建设中。因为智能合约会自动按照事先的约定来识别条件并自动执行约定，不给任何人修改的可能。这对中国资本市场为“一带一路”提供精准的金融支持，提供了一种可靠的技术保证。
On smart bond platforms, bond issues, transactions, settlements are fully automated, and there is no need for bank-backer post-dealing settlements, making use of the size of programmed bond issues, interest rates, and agreements on investor restrictions, the use of bonds, and the extent to which funds can be raised. Smart bond platforms allow only “
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