乌克兰英语

时至今日一个国家的疆域领土已有广义和狭义两层含义：狭义的领土是单纯指陆地国土，也就是说将领海、领空排除在外；广义的领土则是指一个主权国家所管辖的全部疆域，包括这个国家的陆地、河流、湖泊、内海、领海以及它们的底床、底土和上空（领空）。严格意义上我国的领土面积并非通常所说的960万平方公里，而是在960万平方公里陆地国土的基础上再加上300万平方公里的领海面积和173万平方公里的专属经济区。这1433万平方公里的海陆总面积才是我国真正的领土总面积。

The territorial boundaries of a country to this day have both broad and narrow meanings: the narrow territorial meaning refers solely to the land territory, i.e. the territorial sea, the airspace of which is excluded; the broad territorial meaning refers to the entire territory under the jurisdiction of a sovereign State, including the land, rivers, lakes, the inland sea, the territorial sea and their base, subsoil and airspace (airspace). In the strict sense, the territorial area of our country is not the 9.6 million square kilometres commonly referred to, but the 3 million square kilometres of the territorial sea and 1.73 million square kilometres of the exclusive economic zone on the basis of the 9.6 million square kilometres of land. The total land area of 1,433 million square kilometres is the real total territorial area of our country.

当今世界狭义领土面积最大的国家是俄罗斯：1710万平方公里的狭义领土面积几乎相当于我国和排名世界第六位的澳大利亚的狭义领土面积之和。同时俄罗斯也以2466万平方公里的海陆总面积成为当今世界海陆总面积最大的国家。俄罗斯尽管是当今世界领土面积最大的国家，不过在人类历史上的确存在过比俄罗斯疆域面积更辽阔的国家。由于古代帝国尚不存在成熟的领海意识，所以我们只能以狭义领土面积进行对比。即使如此仍会存在一定争议。

The country with the largest area of narrow territory in the world today is Russia: 17.1 million square kilometres of narrow territory almost equals the size of our country and Australia, the sixth largest in the world. At the same time, Russia is the largest country in the world today, with 24.6 million square kilometres of land and sea.

首先任何国家的疆域都不是一层不变的，那么比较两个帝国的疆域究竟是直接对比两国全盛时期的疆域呢？还是只要曾被该帝国一度囊括在版图内的地盘累积叠加呢？全盛时期的大英帝国已失去北美殖民地，那么统计大英帝国的疆域时北美是否计算在内呢？1867年沙皇俄国把阿拉斯加卖给了美国，然而在此之后沙皇俄国又侵占了中亚和中国黑龙江流域，所以沙皇俄国疆域面积最大之时阿拉斯加已不在沙俄版图内，那么在统计沙俄帝国的疆域面积时是不是在其最大疆域的基础上再叠加阿拉斯加呢？

Is North America included when the British Empire lost its North American colony? When the Tsar Russia sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, then the Tsar Russia invaded Central Asia and the Black Dragon River basin of China, so Alaska was no longer in Saudi Arabia at the time when the Tsar was the largest.

领土变动是造成争议的原因之一，不过某块土地在历史上是否曾属于某个国家本身可能也是存在争议的。我们今天所说的领土或版图都是建立在近现代条约关系下的产物，其典型标志是：各国之间的边界是一条明显的界线。然而古代国家的边界通常是不明确的，所以古代国家的版图面积其实更多只是约数。中国直到康熙年间签订的《尼布楚条约》才开始划定明确的边界线，在此之前国界是在漫长的历史演变过程中约定俗成的，从来也没明确的条约规定以某处划分两国之间的界线。

Territorial changes are one of the reasons for the controversy, although it may also be controversial whether a particular land has historically belonged to a particular country itself. What we are talking about today is a product of near-modern treaty relations, typically marked by the fact that borders between States are a clear line.

基于以上两个原因的客观存在，所以对历史上疆域最大的国家排行这个话题是一个不同的人完全可能得出不同答案的话题，所以在这个问题上我只能说说我个人的意见

In view of the objective existence of these two reasons, the topic of ranking the largest country in history is a subject of different people who may well come up with different answers, so I can only say my own opinion on this question.

1.大英帝国

1. The British Empire

1497年-1498年期间在当时的英国国王亨利七世的支持下约翰·卡伯特两度前往北美沿岸进行探险，这是英国历史上第一次海外探险，为之后大英帝国大规模的海外扩张奠定了最初的基础。1548年一部分伦敦商人组成商人探险协会，随即探寻一条从欧洲穿过北冰洋绕过亚洲北海岸一直相对航行到中国的航线被他们提上议事日程。这一时期英国的国力相比葡萄牙、西班牙、荷兰等早期殖民主义国家还不算强大，于是英国利用海盗劫掠西班牙、葡萄牙等国的商船以积攒实力。

Between 1497 and 1498, John Carbert, supported by then British King Henry VII, made two expeditions to the North American coast, the first overseas expedition in Britain’s history, which laid the initial foundation for the large-scale overseas expansion of the British Empire. In 1548, a group of London businessmen formed an expedition association to explore a route from Europe across the North Coast of Asia to China relative to China.

1583年8月英国人汉弗莱·吉尔伯特到达了纽芬兰，建立了英国在北美的第一处殖民地。1606年英国成立了进行北美殖民活动的伦敦公司和普利茅斯公司。截至1733年英国以弗吉尼亚和新英格兰两个殖民地为基地沿着北美大西洋沿岸建立起特拉华、宾夕法尼亚、新泽西、佐治亚、康涅狄格、马萨诸塞湾、马里兰、南卡罗来纳、新罕布什尔、弗吉尼亚、纽约、北卡罗来纳和罗德岛十三个殖民地。邻近北美大陆的加勒比海地区也在这一时期成为英国海外殖民扩张的重点。

The British, Humphrey Gilbert, arrived in Newfoundland in August 1583, establishing the first British colony in North America. In 1606, the British established the London Corporation and the Plymouth Company for North American Colonies. By 1733, the British had built two colonies, Virginia and New England, along the Atlantic coast of North America, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, the Gulf of Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island.

1775年北美独立战争爆发，1783年9月3日英、美签订《巴黎和约》：英国正式承认美国独立。美国的独立固然是对英国殖民体系的一次沉重打击，但并未就此使大英帝国一蹶不振：英国在美国独立后又在印度、澳洲等地进行殖民扩张，发动侵略中国的鸦片战争。1884年柏林会议后帝国主义列强掀起了瓜分非洲的狂潮，在这一过程中英国在埃及、苏丹、乌干达、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、加纳、南非等地建立起殖民统治。1882年对埃及的军事占领使英国得以控制尼罗河地区和苏伊士运河。

In 1775, the North American War of Independence broke out, and on 3 September 1783 the British and the United States signed the Paris Pact: Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States. While the independence of the United States was a severe blow to the British colonial system, it did not dissipate the British Empire: after the independence of the United States, British colonization expanded in India, Australia, etc., to wage a war of opium aggression against China. After the Berlin Conference in 1884, imperial powers unleashed a wave of Africa, in the course of which Britain established colonial rule in Egypt, the Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, etc.. The military occupation of Egypt in 1882 enabled the United Kingdom to take control of the Nile region and the Suez Canal.

1795年英国就吞并了开普地区，在经历与南非的荷兰后裔建立的德兰士瓦以及邻近的奥兰治自由邦的战斗后于1899年全面占领南非。截至1914年英国不仅成为最大的海外帝国，更是掠夺非洲的最大受益人：1885年至1914年之间英国将大约30%的非洲人口置于其统治之下，而同一时期法国只统治15%的非洲人、德国统治着9%的非洲人、比利时统治着7%非洲人、意大利统治着1%的非洲人。相比之下英国的尼日利亚一个殖民地就拥有1500万人，是整个法属西非和所有德国殖民地人口的总和。

In 1795, the United Kingdom annexed the Cape, occupying South Africa in 1899 after a battle with the Dutch descendants of South Africa, Dranswa, and the neighbouring Orange Commonwealth. By 1914, Britain had not only become the largest overseas empire, but also the largest beneficiary of the plundering of Africa: between 1885 and 1914, Britain had put about 30 per cent of the African population under its rule, while France ruled only 15 per cent of Africans, Germany 9 per cent of Africans, Belgium 7 per cent of Africans, Italy 1 per cent of Africans.

大英帝国全盛时期的统治面积达到约3400万平方公里，占到了世界陆地总面积的四分之一，是有史以来领土面积最大的国家。由于全球各地皆有其殖民地，因此号称“太阳永远不会从其国土上落下的帝国”。这一庞大辽阔的疆域面积不仅是当时全世界最大的，也是人类有史以来所有帝国中空前绝后的。当今世界的200多个国家中仅有22个国家没有被英国侵略过。大英帝国率先建立了世上最早的近现代自由贸易体系和宪政体制，银行、股票等近现代金融工具也是从英国向全球扩散的。

The British Empire, with its full-time rule of about 34 million square kilometres and a quarter of the world’s total land area, is the largest country in history. With its colonies all over the world, it is known as “the Sun will never fall from its national territory.” This vast territory is not only the largest in the world at the time, but also the largest of all empires in human history. Only 22 of the world’s 200 countries have not been invaded by Britain.

与此同时英语逐渐成为国际通用语言，英镑也是那个年代的国际通用货币。工业革命使英国以一国之力创造出占世界工业总产量的40%以上。正如英国人自己所说的“北美和俄罗斯的平原是我们的谷仓，芝加哥和敖德萨是我们的矿区，加拿大和北欧半岛为我们种树，澳大利亚为我们牧羊，还有阿根廷为我们养牛，秘鲁送来白银，南非进贡黄金，印度人和中国人为我们种茶，地中海是我们的果园，至于我们的棉花种植园正在从美国南部向地球一切温暖的地方扩展”。

At the same time, English has gradually become an international language, and the pound sterling was the international currency of that era. The industrial revolution has enabled the United Kingdom to create more than 40% of the world's industrial output from one country to another. As the British themselves have said, “the plains of North America and Russia are our barns, Chicago and Odessa are our mines, Canada and the Northern Peninsula are planting trees for us, Australia is feeding our sheep, Argentina is feeding our cattle, Peru is sending white silver, South Africa is feeding gold, India is growing tea for us, the Mediterranean is our orchards, and our cotton plantations are expanding from the south of the United States to all warm places on Earth”.

2.蒙古帝国

2. The Mongolian Empire

1206年春蒙古乞颜部的铁木真在经过多年奋斗后终于统一蒙古草原诸部，蒙古贵族们在斡难河（今鄂嫩河）源头召开大会，在本次大会上蒙古贵族们共同尊奉铁木真为成吉思汗，以此为标志宣告统一的蒙古汗国正式建立。蒙古汗国的建立仅仅只是这个帝国扩张的开始，很快整个亚欧大陆都将感受到蒙古人带来的恐惧。成吉思汗六年亲率大军伐金，开始了为时24年的蒙金战争。成吉思汗十三年蒙古人又在在追击乃蛮王子屈出律的过程中趁势西征灭掉西辽，打开了通往西方的道路。

In the spring of 1206, when, after many years of struggle, the Meadows of Mongolia finally united, the nobles of Mongolia convened a general meeting at the beginning of the Eununun River, at which the nobles of Mongolia joined together to honour Temu as Genghis Khan as the symbol of the official establishment of the united Mongolian Khan. The establishment of the Mongolian Khan was only the beginning of this empire’s expansion, and soon the entire continent of Asia and Europe will feel the fear of the Mongolians.

由于此时蒙古的主要精力还用在对付东方的金国，一时无力对西方采取大规模军事行动，尽管如此成吉思汗还是派出商队前往西方贸易以扩大蒙古的对西方的影响力。成吉思汗十四年花剌子模讹答剌城的海儿汗杀死了蒙古汗国的499名和平商人，其国王摩诃末又武断地杀死了成吉思汗派去交涉的正使。花剌子模的鲁莽行为终于引发两国之间的战争，最终蒙古成功灭掉花剌子模，一直向南推进到印度河流域，顺利占领今中亚到欧洲东部以及伊朗北部的广大区域。

At a time when Mongolia’s main energy was also directed against the Golden Power of the East, its inability to undertake large-scale military operations against the West notwithstanding, Genghis Khan sent a team of merchants to the West to expand Mongolia’s influence on the West. Genghis Khan’s naval Khan, who had stunned the city for 14 years, killed 499 peace merchants in the country’s Khan, and its king, Morgae, arbitrarily killed the protagonists of the Genghisi Khan faction. The reckless actions of Hanshim finally triggered a war between the two countries, and eventually Mongolia succeeded in eliminating the flower models, advancing southwards to the Indus Valley, successfully occupying the vast regions of Central Asia today, east of Europe and north of Iran.

公元1227年蒙古人攻灭党项族建立的西夏国。成吉思汗之子窝阔台和拖雷遵守成吉思汗遗策于窝阔台汗六年（1234）灭金。公元1236~1242年成吉思汗长孙拔都率军西征，饮马伏尔加河，征服罗斯诸公国（今俄罗斯欧洲部分），日耳曼诸王公、波兰、匈牙利组成的联军也被蒙古旋风席卷。此次西征后拔都在伏尔加河下游构筑萨来城（今阿斯特拉罕），正式建立钦察汗国。就在此时远在东方的蒙古本部传来窝阔台大汗去世的消息，拔都匆匆返回参加选举新大汗的忽里勒台大会，这次西征因此结束。

In 1227 A.D., the Mongolians conquered the Party’s ethnic group, Xicha. Genghis Khan’s son, Xianxian, and Turay, followed Genghis Khan’s legacy for six years (1234). In 1236-1242, Genghis’s grandson, Xianghis, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang, Xinjiang.

1253~1259年蒙古发起第三次西征：这次西征由成吉思汗的孙子旭烈兀指挥，蒙古军团从首都和林（今蒙古国哈拉和林）出发，征服了阿拉伯帝国。蒙古兵锋一直挺进到叙利亚，眼看蒙古军团就可以乘胜攻打埃及进入北非，构建跨越亚、欧、非三大洲的庞大帝国时东方的蒙古本部再次传来一个消息：当时的蒙古大汗蒙哥在攻打南宋重镇——四川合州钓鱼城时逝世。旭烈兀匆忙率军东返，埃及马穆鲁克王朝趁机杀入叙利亚，成功阻击了蒙古西进的兵锋。蒙哥死后他的两个弟弟忽必烈和阿里不哥争夺汗位，最终忽必烈胜出，旭烈兀遂重返中东波斯地区创建伊尔汗国并表示效忠忽必烈。

In 1253-1259, Mongolia launched the Third West March: The West was under the command of the grandson of Genghis Khan, who conquered the Arab Empire from the capital and Lin (the current Mongolian state of Hara and Lin). The Mongolian army was able to take advantage of the victory of the Mongolian army to attack Egypt into North Africa in order to build a large empire across Asia, Europe, and Africa, and the Mongolian headquarters in the east sent news that Mongolia's Great Khan Mungo had died in the battle against the town of South Song and the fishing town of Sichuanzhou. In a rush, the army returned eastward, and the Egyptian dynasty of Mamuruk killed Syria, successfully blocking Mongolia's westwards. After the death of Mongo, his two brothers, Humbret and Alibino, were fighting for a position.

忽必烈成为大汗时蒙古已征服了亚欧大陆上的金、西夏、西辽、花剌子模、俄罗斯、阿拉伯等国，与此同时西征的拔都、旭烈兀以及察合台、窝阔台等人的后裔相继建立了察合台汗国、窝阔台汗国、钦察汗国、伊尔汗国四大汗国。尽管四大汗国是蒙古大汗的臣属，然而实际上这种君臣关系只是理论上的，实际上后来四大汗国和忽必烈治下的蒙古本部走上了完全不同的发展道路：1271年忽必烈遵照历代中原汉族王朝的传统取《易经》“大哉乾元”之义建国号为大元。仿照中原汉制创建的大元王朝自然也继承了中原王朝传统的大一统观念。

When Chubir became Khan, Mongolia had conquered the countries of the Asia-Europe continent, such as Kim, Xisha, Xisol, Flower Model, Russia, and the Arab States, while the descendants of Nishidu, Xinjiang, and Tsaki, among others, succeeded in establishing the Tsaikhan State, the Tsai Khan State, the Khincha Khan State, and the Irhan State iv. Although the Quartet was subordinate to the Qana Khan, the relationship was in fact theoretical, and in fact, the four Qingjiangs and the Mongols, under the rule of Kublai, were on a completely different path of development: in 1271 it became a great nation, in keeping with the tradition of the Han dynasty of the Chinese past, the Great Eid became the name “Oo” and the Great Dynasty of the Great Dynasty.

忽必烈将征服南宋作为元朝必须完成的任务，因为只有如此元朝才有可能成为继往开来的正统王朝。为此忽必烈开始着手先扫清灭宋的外围通道：他遣使招降吐蕃，又南下征服大理，兵锋甚至一度进入越南、占婆等地，完成了对宋朝西南方向的战略包围态势。1276年南宋都城临安府被攻占。1279年南宋水师在崖山海战中战败，陆秀夫背着宋末帝赵昺跳海而亡，至此南宋最后一支抵抗力量被消灭。这时蒙古人已将东起日本海、西抵地中海、北跨西伯利亚、南至波斯湾的3300万平方公里的疆土收入囊中。

It is only in this way that the dynasty will become an orthodox dynasty. For this reason, the dynasty began to clear the outlying passages of Song: he sent his troops to the south, conquered the court, and even once entered Vietnam and occupied the mother-in-law to complete the strategic siege of the south-west of Song. In 1276, the capital was seized. In 1279, the South Song Watersman lost in the battle in the cliffs, and Lutsufu died in the fall of the Tsung Tsung, the last resistance force in the south was eliminated. The Mongols had taken 33 million square kilometres of land from the Japanese Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, north to Siberia, south to the Persian Gulf.

3.俄罗斯帝国

Russian Empire

当今世界国土面积最大的俄罗斯的历史起源于东斯拉夫人的基辅罗斯国家，12世纪中叶基辅罗斯国家解体成一系列小型公国。1236年成吉思汗之孙拔都西征欧洲，罗斯诸公国全被其席卷。1240年拔都在南俄草原建立了金帐汗国。在基辅罗斯分化出来的诸公国中莫斯科大公国逐渐脱颖而出。莫斯科大公国通过为蒙古可汗征收贡赋和征讨不听号令的公国而取悦于蒙古金帐汗廷，而莫斯科大公国则利用蒙古人的威势趁机削平群雄，逐渐完成了罗斯诸公国的统一。

The history of Russia, the world’s largest country in the world, has its roots in the Kiev-Ros countries of the Eastern Slavs, which in the middle of the twelfth century were dissolved into a series of small Principalitys. In 1236, the son of Genghis Khan swept Europe into Europe, and the constituent states of Ross swept by it.

1480年日渐强大起来的莫斯科大公国摆脱了蒙古的统治，到16世纪初莫斯科大公国已兼并了特维尔、普斯科夫和里亚赞等罗斯公国，又从立陶宛人手中收复了斯摩棱斯克，至此一个北起白海、南至奥卡河、东临乌拉尔山、西达第聂伯河的统一的俄罗斯国家宣告诞生，然而这仅仅只是俄罗斯民族扩张史的开始。1487年莫斯科大公伊凡三世兼并诺夫哥罗德共和国；1552年第一位正式使用“俄罗斯沙皇”这一头衔的伊凡四世亲率15万大军携带150门大炮征服了由蒙古金帐汗国分化出来的喀山汗国。

The Greater Moscow Principality, which grew stronger in 1480, emerged from the rule of Mongolia. By the beginning of the 16th century, the Great Moscow Principality had annexed the Principality of Roth, Teville, Pskov and Riyazan, and had recovered Smolensk from the Lithuanians. The unified Russian State of the White Sea, the South to the Oka, the Eastern Pyurall and the Siddnibor River was born, but it was only the beginning of the history of Russian national expansion. In 1487, the Greater Moscow Principality, Ivan III, took over the Republic of Novgorod; and in 1552, the first of its kind, Ivan IV, who formally used the title of “The Russian Tsar,” took 150 cannons to conquer the khanate, which was divided by the Mongolian Golden Khan.

1556年伊凡四世又吞并了蒙古后裔建立的阿斯特拉罕汗国；1557年沙俄在北高加索的中心要地松孟河与捷列克河的汇合处设立哥萨克军屯以窥视格鲁吉亚；1595年3月沙皇自行颁布诏书声称哈萨克归属于俄罗斯。1581年哥萨克人叶尔马克奉沙皇伊凡四世之命纠集了840名俄军侵入失必儿汗国，1584年失必儿人一度打败俄军，甚至叶尔马克本人也在逃跑途中落水淹死，然而沙皇俄国还是在1598年征服了这里。至此整个伏尔加河流域的鞑靼人、楚瓦什人、巴什基人、摩尔多瓦人全部臣服于俄国。

In 1556, Ivan IV annexed the country of Astrah Khan, founded by the descendants of Mongolia; in 1557, Shao set up a Koksak army camp in the heart of the North Caucasus at the confluence of the Songmong and Tjelek rivers to spy on Georgia; in March 1595, the tsar himself issued a dynasty stating that Kazakhs belonged to Russia. In 1581, Yelmak, under the orders of the tsar Ivan IV, gathered 840 Russian troops into the country of the lost children, defeated the Russians once in 1584, and even Elmak himself drowned on the run-off, although the tsar Russia conquered the place in 1598. The Tatars, the Chuvash, the Bashki, and the Moldovans, all of the Volga River basins, were brought to Russia.

随着1598年失必儿汗国被征服之后俄国人已越过作为亚欧分界线的乌拉尔山，而此时东面辽阔的西伯利亚地区由于恶劣的自然环境没能形成统一的政治实体，而始终是以分散的原始部族的形象存在，这大大刺激了沙俄向这一地区扩张的野心。截至1637年俄国人已推进到鄂霍次克海一带，几乎已完全征服了占如今俄罗斯国土面积四分之三的西伯利亚及远东地区。1721年彼得一世在与瑞典进行的大北方战争胜利后被俄罗斯元老院授予“全俄罗斯皇帝”的头衔，至此沙皇俄国的国名被正式确定为俄罗斯帝国。

The Russians have crossed the Ural Hills, which is the Asia-Europe divide, with the conquest of the failed Khan State in 1598, while the vast eastern Siberian region has not been able to form a unified political entity because of its harsh natural environment, but has always been seen as a fragmented and original clan, which has greatly stimulated the Russian ambition to expand into the region. By 1637, the Russians had advanced to the Sea of Okhotsk, almost completely conquering Siberia and the Far East, which now comprise three quarters of Russia’s territory. In 1721, Peter I, after winning the Great Northern War with Sweden, was given the title of “All Russia’s Emperor” by the Russian Senate, and the name of the tsar Russia was officially identified as the Russian Empire.

这一帝国在全盛时期的疆域囊括了今天的俄罗斯、乌克兰、白俄罗斯、摩尔多瓦、格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、立陶宛、拉脱维亚、爱沙尼亚、芬兰，又伙同普鲁士和奥地利瓜分了波兰，甚至还曾一度越过白令海峡在北美的阿拉斯加建立殖民地，成为人类历史上唯一横跨欧、亚、美三大洲的帝国。俄罗斯帝国在极盛时期的疆域面积一度达到2280万平方公里。

This empire, which covers today's Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, together with Prussia and Austria, established its colony in Alaska, North America, even once across the Bering Straits, and became the only empire in human history across three continents, Europe, Asia, and the United States, with an area of 22.8 million square kilometres.

4.苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

1917年俄国相继爆发二月革命和十月革命，十月革命后世界上第一个社会主义国家政权——俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国诞生，原属沙皇俄国的芬兰则在十月革命后宣布独立。与之情况类似的还有波兰：1918年11月18日波兰利用第一次世界大战和俄国革命造成的局势趁机宣布独立并占据了乌克兰和白俄罗斯西部地区，新生的苏维埃则在与波兰的战争后与周围的爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、芬兰、立陶宛签订了和平条约，由此正式承认这些原属沙皇俄国的地区的独立。

In 1917, the Russian revolution of February and October, followed by the birth of the first socialist State regime in the world, the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, in October, and the declaration of independence by Finland, formerly a Tsar Russia, in October. Similarly, Poland, on 18 November 1918, took advantage of the situation created by the First World War and the Russian Revolution to declare independence and occupy the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, while the new Soviets signed peace treaties with the surrounding regions of Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania after the war with Poland, thereby formally recognizing the independence of those former Tsar Russias.

1922年12月30日俄罗斯联邦、乌克兰、白俄罗斯、南高加索联邦组成苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟，至此苏联国家正式诞生。截至1936年苏联又陆续增加了摩尔达维亚苏维埃社会主义共和国、哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国、乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国、吉尔吉斯苏维埃社会主义共和国、土库曼苏维埃社会主义共和国、塔吉克苏维埃社会主义共和国6个加盟共和国，原外高加索苏维埃社会主义联邦共和国则分裂为格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚和阿塞拜疆3个加盟共和国。

On 30 December 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formed in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus and the South Caucasus. By 1936, the USSR had added the Moldavia Soviet Socialist Republic, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic and the former Soviet Socialist Federal Republic of Transcaucasia to the three constituent republics of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

至此苏联形成了12个加盟共和国，大体上包括如今的俄罗斯、乌克兰、白罗斯、摩尔多瓦、格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦。3年后爆发的第二次世界大战使苏联的国土面积发生了自其诞生之日起最大的变动。苏波战争后新生的苏维埃政权丧失了寇松线以西的西乌克兰、西白俄罗斯、波罗的海西部沿岸及芬兰以东的大片土地的主权，而随着纳粹德国的兴起就使苏联重新试图将这些的确纳入版图并作为与纳粹德国之间的战略缓冲区。

Three years after the outbreak of the Second World War, the Soviet regime, which lost its sovereignty over the western Ukraine, the western Belarus, the western Baltic coast, and large tracts of land west of the Cosson Line, and the east of Finland, brought the Soviet Union back to try to incorporate them into the map and to use them as a strategic buffer zone with Nazi Germany.

1939年9月1日纳粹德国闪击波兰，大约半个月后苏联以保护波兰境内的乌克兰人和白俄罗斯人为名出兵占领波兰东部地区。这年10月苏联又以芬兰国界距离列宁格勒过近为由提出领土置换，然而遭到了芬兰方面的拒绝，苏芬战争随即爆发。尽管苏联红军在芬兰陷于苦战之中，然而芬兰方面担心战争长期化会给自身带来巨大破坏，最终芬兰还是将整个卡累利阿地峡连同维普里城、维普里湾、拉多加湖西北岸、马尔卡日尔维以东领土、雷巴奇和斯来特尼半岛的一部分以及芬兰湾中的一些岛屿割让给苏联。

In October of 1939, the Soviet Union took over the eastern part of Poland, under the pretext that the Finnish border was too close to Leningrad, but was rejected by the Finnish side, and the war in Sufin broke out. In spite of the bitter struggle of the Soviet Red Army in Finland, the Finnish side feared that the long-termization of the war would cause great damage to itself, and eventually, Finland ceded to the Soviet Union the entire Karelia isthmus, along with the town of Vipuri, the Bay of Vipuri, the north-west bank of Lake Ladoga, the territory east of Markachervi, part of the Rebach and Sletney peninsula and some of the islands in the Gulf of Finland.

1940年6月苏联政府分别照会波罗的海沿岸的立陶宛、拉脱维亚和爱沙尼亚三国：要求三国改组政府实行大选和让苏联红军自由通行，随即30万苏联红军进入三国境内扶植起亲苏政权，随后三国在亲苏政权的主导下加入苏联。至此苏联已发展成为拥有俄罗斯、乌克兰、白罗斯、摩尔多瓦、格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、卡累利阿、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛16个加盟共和国。

In June 1940, the Soviet Government sent a note to the three countries of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia on the Baltic coast, calling on the three countries to restructure their Governments to introduce general elections and allow free passage of the Red Army of the Soviet Union, which then brought 300,000 Soviet Red Army troops into the territory of the three countries to foster pro-Soviet regimes, and then joined the Soviet Union under the auspices of the pro-Soviet regime. Thus, the Soviet Union has evolved into 16 Union republics with Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Karelia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

苏德战争期间芬兰参加德国一方对苏作战并夺取了之前割让给苏联的土地，波罗的海三国则在战争期间被德国占领。在二战后期的德黑兰会议上斯大林主张恢复1940年苏联已获得的芬兰土地，同时芬兰应进一步割让贝柴摩地区作为追随德国参与侵苏战争的补偿，这样也可以使苏联取得与挪威的边界。1944年9月19日缔结的《苏芬停战协定》规定：苏芬边界大体上回复道1940年和约规定的边界，与此同时芬兰进一步割让贝柴摩省给苏联。

Finland, on the German side, fought against the Soviet Union during the Sood war and seized the land previously ceded to the Soviet Union, while the Baltic three countries were occupied by Germany during the war. Stalin advocated for the restoration of the Finnish land acquired by the Soviet Union in 1940 at the conference in Tehran after World War II, while Finland should further cede the Bezamo area as compensation for Germany’s involvement in the invasion of the Soviet Union, which would also allow the Soviet Union to acquire its border with Norway.

至此长约820英里的苏芬边界线只有313英里仍保持着1920年的边界原状，苏联由此从芬兰获得了4.584万平方公里的土地。波罗的海三国也被苏联重新占领，这又使苏联的国土面积增加了17.4万平方公里。如果说德黑兰会议使苏芬边界和波罗的海三国的归属问题明确化，那么雅尔塔会议则决定了战后的苏波边界。1945年达成的《波苏疆界条约》规定：以寇松线作为战后苏联与波兰的边界线，这使苏联得以收回西白俄罗斯和西乌克兰，从而使自己的国土面积得以又增加了19.41万平方公里。

Only 313 miles of the Sufin border, about 820 miles long, remained as it was in 1920, with the Soviet Union acquiring 458,400 square kilometres of land from Finland. The three Baltic States were also reoccupied by the Soviet Union, which in turn increased the Soviet territory by 174,000 square kilometres. If the Tehran Conference had made it clear that the Sufin border and the three Baltic States were part of the border, the Yalta Conference had determined the post-war border.

在从芬兰、波罗的海三国、波兰等地获得新领土的同时苏联也从南方邻国罗马尼亚取得了一部分领土：早在1805-1812年的第七次俄土战争后当时的沙皇俄国就从奥斯曼土耳其帝国手中夺取了德涅斯特河西岸的比萨拉比亚，事实上这块土地在历史上曾是属于罗马尼亚的，然而当时的罗马尼亚处于奥斯曼土耳其帝国的统治之下，于是沙俄以解放斯拉夫同胞的名义占领了这一地区。1877年5月9日罗马尼亚从奥斯曼土耳其帝国独立后也只能面对比萨拉比亚已被俄国占领这一既成事实。

While acquiring new territory from Finland, the Baltic States, Poland, etc., the Soviet Union also acquired a part of the territory of Romania, a neighbour to the South: the then tsar Russia seized Bisalabia in the West Bank of the Transnistrian Empire from the Ottoman Turkish Empire as early as after the seventh Russian-Turkish War of 1805-1812, and in fact this land was historically Romanian, but then Romania was under the Ottoman Turkish Empire, and Shao occupied the area in the name of the liberation of the Slavic compatriots. Romania, after independence from the Ottoman Turkish Empire, was also faced with the fait accompli that Bisalabia had been occupied by Russia on 9 May 1877.

第一次世界大战期间罗马尼亚利用俄国国内的混乱局面收复了比萨拉比亚，十月革命后新兴的苏维埃政权对此拒绝承认。1940年3月29日苏联外长莫洛托夫发表讲话指出：“苏联对罗马尼亚夺取的比萨拉比亚从未承认。这个问题是个未解决的争议问题，尽管苏联从没提出通过军事途径收回它”。6月26日苏联照会罗马尼亚政府：要求将比萨拉比亚归还苏联并将北布科维纳移交给苏联。6月30日苏联出兵占领了比萨拉比亚和北布科维纳两地。

Romania took advantage of the chaos in Russia during the First World War, which was rejected by the emerging Soviet regime after the October revolution. In a speech delivered on 29 March 1940, Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov said: “The Soviet Union has never recognized what Romania seized of in Bisalabia. This issue is an unresolved dispute, even though the Soviet Union has never offered to recover it by military means.” On 26 June, the Soviet Government sent a note to the Romanian government calling for the return of Bisalabia to the Soviet Union and the transfer of North Bucovina to the Soviet Union. On 30 June, Soviet troops occupied Bisalabia and North Bucovina.

8月2日苏联最高苏维埃通过决议：将比萨拉比亚并入摩尔达维亚加盟共和国（今摩尔多瓦），将北布科维纳并入乌克兰加盟共和国。苏联对比萨拉比亚和北布科维纳两地的占领直接导致罗马尼亚在苏德战争中加入了德国一方。1944年9月12日苏、美、英同罗马尼亚签署了停战协定：恢复1940年的苏罗边界——即仍把比萨拉比亚和北布科维纳给苏联。1947年2月10日同盟国对罗马尼亚的和约对此再次进行确认。1948年2月4日苏联与罗马尼亚签订友好合作互助条约以及关于确定两国边界线的议定书。

On 2 August, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union adopted a resolution on the integration of Bisalabia into the Republic of Moldova (now Moldova) and North Bukovina into the Republic of Ukraine. The occupation by the Soviet Union of the regions of Bisalabia and North Bukovina directly led Romania to join the German side in the war in Sood. On 12 September 1944, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom signed an armistice agreement with Romania on the restoration of the Soviet border of 1940 — that is, the return of Bisalabia and North Bukovina to the Soviet Union. On 10 February 1947, the Allied Powers reconfirmed Romania's agreement on Romania. The Soviet Union signed a treaty on friendly cooperation and mutual assistance with Romania on 4 February 1948 and a protocol on the establishment of the borderline between the two countries.

至此苏联占领比萨拉比亚和北布科维纳的既成事实得到完全的法律确认。比萨拉比亚的面积为4.44万平方公里，被布科维纳面积为6000平方公里，两地使苏联国土面积扩大了5.04万平方公里。二战末期苏联还收复了日俄战争后被日本占领的南库页岛以及包括如今的北方四岛在内的整个千岛群岛。通过二战前后这一系列领土扩张使苏联国土面积膨胀到2240万平方公里，占地球陆地总面积的六分之一左右。辽阔的疆域是苏联得以成为与美国分庭抗礼的超级大国的基础之一。

The Soviet Union’s occupation of Bisalabia and North Bukovina was fully legally confirmed. The area of Bisalabia was 444,000 square kilometres, and the area of Bukovina was 6,000 square kilometres, both of which extended the Soviet territory by 5.04 million square kilometres. The Soviet Union also recovered the Japanese-occupied South Coop Island in the aftermath of the Second World War, as well as the entire thousand islands, including the four islands of the north today.

5.西班牙帝国

5. The Spanish Empire

1492年西班牙女王伊莎贝拉接见了来自意大利热那亚的航海家哥伦布，当年8月哥伦布就率领3艘船从巴罗斯港出发去开辟新航线，9月初哥伦布一行抵达了位于非洲西北海域的加那利群岛，这里迄今仍是西班牙的领地。之后又经历了34个昼夜的航行他们于10月12日抵达了巴哈马群岛东南方的萨马纳岛，由此完成了人类历史上的“地理大发现”——美洲新大陆因此进入了欧洲人的视野范围之内。1519年9月20日又一支西班牙船队在麦哲伦的率领下开始进行人类历史上第一次环球航行。

In 1492, Queen Isabella of Spain received Columbus, a navigator from Genoa, Italy, and then led three ships to open new routes from the port of Barros in August of that year. In early September, Columbus arrived in the Canary Islands, located in the north-west of Africa, which is still Spanish territory. After 34 days and nights, they arrived in Samana Island, south-east of the Bahamas, on 12 October, thus completing a “geographic discovery” in human history — the new continent of the Americas within the European horizon. On 20 September 1519, another Spanish fleet, led by Magellan, began its first roundabout voyage in human history.

在这次航行中麦哲伦发现了后来以他的名字命名的麦哲伦海峡，他从这里进入了太平洋并于1521年3月抵达菲律宾群岛。尽管麦哲伦本人因介入菲律宾土著部落的冲突之中而丧命，但船队还是于1522年9月6日返回了西班牙的圣卢卡港。在麦哲伦船队到达菲律宾群岛的一个月前西班牙殖民者埃尔南·科尔特斯利用美洲土著印第安人内部各部族的矛盾，从而得以率领归顺于西班牙的印第安部族攻入阿兹特克帝国的都城特诺奇提特兰（今墨西哥城），在此建立了“新西班牙”殖民地。

During this voyage, Magellan discovered the Magellan Channel, later named by his name, from which he entered the Pacific Ocean and arrived in the Philippines Islands in March 1521. Although Magellan himself was killed as a result of his involvement in the conflict among the indigenous tribes of the Philippines, the flotilla returned to the port of San Luca in Spain on 6 September 1522. The Spanish colonist, Hernán Cortez, a month before his arrival in the Philippines Islands, took advantage of tribal contradictions within the Native Indians of the Americas and was able to lead the Indian tribes that had submitted to Spain into the capital city of the Aztec Empire, Tenochitran (Mexico City today), where a “New Spain” colony was established.

在此之后的3年间西班牙的殖民地覆盖到今天的危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、萨尔瓦多以及包括波多黎各、古巴、牙买加在内的整个西印度群岛。1533年11月15日另一位西班牙殖民者弗朗西斯科·皮萨罗率领180名士兵，携带大炮、战马攻入印加帝国都城库斯科，在印加帝国的故地建立起秘鲁殖民地。1565年西班牙正式在菲律宾建立起殖民统治。在哥伦布发现美洲之后的50年间西班牙就完全占领了南起合恩角，北至今日美国和加拿大边界的除巴西以外的几乎整个南北美洲。

Three years later, Spain’s colonies covered today’s Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and all of the West Indies, including Puerto Rico, Cuba and Jamaica. Another Spanish colonist, Francisco Pizarro, led 180 soldiers, armed with artillery, entered the capital city of the Inca Empire, Cusco, and established Peruvian colonies in the Inca Empire. Spain formally established colonial rule in the Philippines in 1565.

与此同时西班牙也在欧洲、亚洲、非洲等地扩大自己的领土。西班牙帝国是人类历史上第一个号称”日不落“的帝国——全盛时期的西班牙帝国几乎征服了整个美洲，在亚洲则占据着菲律宾，在太平洋上占据着关岛等岛屿，在非洲控制着西撒哈拉、加那利群岛等地。与此同时西班牙也在欧洲大陆同其他国家争夺霸权并一度控制过葡萄牙、意大利南部和尼德兰地区（今天的荷兰、比利时、卢森堡以及法国东北部），极盛时期的疆域达到2000万平方公里。

At the same time, Spain has expanded its territory in Europe, Asia, Africa, and so forth. The Spanish Empire is the first empire in human history to be called the "sunset" – the Spanish Empire of the full-time era that almost conquered the Americas, the Philippines in Asia, the islands of Guam and elsewhere in the Pacific, and the islands of Western Sahara and the Canary Islands in Africa.

7.倭马亚帝国

7. The Gomaya Empire

公元570年在麦加的古莱什部落哈希姆家族诞生了一个婴儿，当时谁也没料到他将深刻影响后来的世界历史。这个婴儿名叫穆罕默德·本·阿卜杜拉·本·阿卜杜勒·穆塔利·本·哈希姆（简称穆罕默德）。正是在他的领导下原本一盘散沙的阿拉伯人团结在了真主的旗帜下，于是他被穆斯林奉为先知。当632年先知归真时阿拉伯半岛已整合成为一个统一的国家，接下来阿拉伯人将走出他们世代居住的阿拉伯半岛。当时中东的两大势力拜占庭和波斯在长期的战争这两败俱伤。

In 570 A.D., a baby was born in the Hashim family of the Gulesh tribe in Mecca, when no one expected that it would profoundly affect the world’s future history. The baby’s name was Mohamed bin Abdullah bin Abdul Motali bin Hashim (Mohammed). It was under his leadership that the Arab race, which had been scattered, was united under the banner of God, and he was called a prophet by Muslims. When the Prophet returned in 632, the Arabian Peninsula was united into a unified nation, and the Arabs would then leave the Arabian Peninsula, where they had lived for generations.

这时阿拉伯人犹如一股旋风般冲出了阿拉伯半岛：叙利亚、埃及以及北非马格里布地区相继落入穆斯林之手，至此除了小亚细亚西部一小片领土外，拜占庭已失去在亚、非两洲的全部领土。尽管丢掉了半壁江山，但拜占庭仍得以同阿拉伯以及东方的大唐帝国并称当时世界三大帝国，相比之下波斯就没这么幸运了：637年5月31日~6月1日12万波斯军队在卡迪西亚战役中惨败于6000阿拉伯军队。651年波斯末代皇帝被木鹿（今土库曼斯坦境内）一个磨坊主杀死，至此萨珊波斯灭亡。

Byzantine lost its entire territory in Asia and Africa, with the exception of a small part of Western Asia. Despite the loss of half of the river, the Byzantine was able to join the Great Tang Empire of the Arab and Eastern regions and claim that the world’s three empires were at that time, compared with Persia’s less fortunate: 120,000 Persian troops were defeated by 6,000 Arab troops during the battle in Qadisia on 31 May-1 June 637.

当阿拉伯人将从波斯直到北非的辽阔土地尽收囊中时阿拉伯国家内部也正悄然发生着改变：661年阿拉伯历史上第一个世袭王朝——倭马亚王朝诞生，在此之前阿拉伯国家大体维持着类似于我国上古时代的禅让制：代表阿拉伯各部利益的四大哈里发作为穆罕默德的继承人交替上台执政，倭马亚王朝的诞生标志着阿拉伯人正式进入王朝帝国时代。公元711年倭马亚王朝派驻北非的埃米尔穆萨渡过直布罗陀海峡征服了西班牙，至此阿拉伯帝国成为地跨亚、非、欧三大洲的1340万平方公里的庞大帝国。

The Arab States are also changing slowly when the Arabs will take possession of the vast land from Persia to North Africa: in 661, the first hereditary dynasty of Arab history — the Bonmaia dynasty — was born, until the Arab States largely maintained a cleavage similar to our ancient tradition: the four great caliphate representing the interests of the Arab ministries came to power as the successor of Mohammed, and the birth of the dynasty marked the official entry of the Arabs into the dynasty era. The Emir Musa, who was stationed in North Africa in 711 A.D., conquered Spain through the Strait of Gibraltar, until the Arab Empire became a vast empire of 13.4 million square kilometres across the Asian, African and European continents.

8.大清帝国

8. The Great Qing Empire

乾隆二十年（1755年）清军攻克伊犁并成功俘获准噶尔大汗绰罗斯·达瓦齐，至此同清朝康、雍、乾三代持续对立的准噶尔汗国终于被平定。此后策妄阿拉布坦的外孙阿睦尔撒纳一度举兵叛乱，但于1757年被清军平定，至此清王朝历经康、雍、乾三代终于彻底消灭了准噶尔汗国这个老对手，而清朝的版图也由此扩张到最大化。1757年-1759年期间新疆回部白山派首领大小和卓一度举兵叛乱，清军在平叛后设伊犁将军统辖新疆各部，从而巩固了对新疆地区的主权。

After 20 years (1755) of Qinglong’s Qi ploughing and the successful capture of Kardhan’s old rival, Ross Dawazi, was finally brought to an end with the three generation-long and persistent rivals of Qing Dynasty’s pro-Gharkhan State. After a military rebellion, the Qing dynasty of his grandson, Al-Airsana, from Al-Arabtan, was settled in 1757, so that the Qing dynasty’s past, Qing Qing’s past, Qing’s three generations finally eliminated the former rival of the Qin Qar Khan State, and the map of the Qing dynasty was expanded to maximize its sovereignty over the Xinjiang region.

清朝疆域最大时东北与俄罗斯帝国分界额尔古纳河、格尔必齐河与外兴安岭，这条疆线直到鄂霍次克海与库页岛；正北与沙俄分界萨彦岭、沙毕纳依岭、恰克图与额尔古纳河；西北与哈萨克汗国等西北藩属国分界萨彦岭、斋桑泊、阿拉湖、伊塞克湖、巴尔喀什湖至帕米尔高原；西南与印度莫卧儿帝国、尼泊尔、不丹等国分界喜马拉雅山至野人山；正南大致上与现今中华人民共和国与东南亚国家的分界相近，但清朝尚获得缅甸北部的南坎、江心坡等地。

The north-east of the Qing Dynasty at its largest border with the Russian Empire, the Eirguna, the Grbiz River and the Pamir Plateau. This line extends to the Okhotsk Sea and Kupa Island; the Sayan Ridge, the Shabina Ridge, the Chaktu River and the Erguna River at its north-west border with the Shao; the Sayan Ridge, Jai Sampo, Lake Ara, Issyk, Lake Balkash to the Pamir Plateau at its north-west border with the North-western part of the State of Kazakhstan; the Himalaya Hills at the south-west border with the Indian Mughal Empire, Nepal and Bhutan; and the People's Republic of China at its south-west border with South-East Asian countries.

与此同时清帝国东与日本、琉球以日本海与东海为界，与朝鲜王朝沿图们江、鸭绿江分界；清朝还领有台湾、澎湖、海南及南海的南海诸岛（时称千里石塘、万里长沙、曾母暗沙），极盛时期总面积可达1316万平方公里。此外大清帝国还有朝鲜、琉球、安南、南掌、缅甸、暹罗、柬埔寨、兰芳共和国、吕宋、苏禄、廓尔喀、哲孟雄、不丹、拉达克、哈萨克汗国、布鲁特汗国、浩罕汗国、布哈拉汗国、爱乌罕、巴达克山与干竺特等藩属国。

At the same time, the Qing Empire is bounded by the Japanese Sea and the East Sea, along with the Tumen River and the Duck Green River. The Qing Dynasty also holds the islands of the South China Sea, which are Taiwan, Lake Chang, Hainan and the South China Sea (known as Chili Pond, Wan Li Sha, Tsang Sha), with a total area of 1.316 million square kilometres. The Qing Empire also has Korea, Ryu, Annan, Nam Pang, Myanmar, Siam, Cambodia, Langang Republic, Luzon, Sulu, Gulka, Zhemongh, Bhutan, Radak, Khasakkhan State, Brut Khan State, Hao Khan State, Bukharakhan State, Iohan State, Badak Hills and Kanji States.

9.法兰西第二殖民帝国

9. Second colonial empire of France

法兰西第二殖民帝国的建立始于1830年法国对阿尔及利亚的侵略。1885年中法战争后法国确立了对越南、老挝、柬埔寨等东南亚国家的殖民统治。不过法国势力扩张的主要方向还是非洲：如今的毛里塔尼亚、塞内加尔、几内亚、马里、科特迪瓦、贝宁、尼日尔、乍得、中非共和国及刚果共和国等地都曾是法属殖民地。在1919年至1939年的巅峰时期法国殖民地面积达1234.7万平方公里的土地，算上本土则达到1289.8万平方公里，占世界土地总面积的8.6%，是当时仅次大英帝国的第二大殖民帝国。

The establishment of the second French colonial empire began with France’s aggression against Algeria in 1830. France established colonial rule over Viet Nam, Laos, Cambodia, and other South-East Asian countries after the mid-French war of 1885. But the main thrust of France’s expansion was Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Niger, Chad, the Central African Republic and the Republic of the Congo were French colonies today. France’s colonial colony, at its peak between 1919 and 1939, had a land area of 12,347,000 square kilometres, amounted to 12,898,000 square kilometres, representing 8.6 per cent of the world’s total land area, the second largest colonial empire of the British Empire at that time.

10.阿拔斯帝国

10. The Alberts Empire

公元747年倭马亚王朝一个获释的波斯奴隶阿布·穆斯林率众在呼罗珊（今伊朗东北部与中亚南部）起义。749年在经过两年的战斗后倭马亚王朝崩溃，起义者占领了库法城并在库法清真寺宣誓拥戴阿布·阿拔斯为哈里发，由此开创了阿拉伯历史上第二个世袭王朝——阿拔斯王朝。这个新王朝的旗帜尚黑，因此中国古籍中称之为“黑衣大食”。750年1月倭马亚王朝的最后一支残军在底格里斯河上游的支流扎布河畔覆灭，末代哈里发麦尔旺二世西逃埃及。

In 749, after two years of fighting, the Bronze Dynasty collapsed, and the rebels took over the city of Kufa and vowed to hold Dabou Alberts as the caliphate, the second royal dynasty in Arab history. The flag of the new dynasty was black, so the last legion of the Bronx dynasty ran from Egypt in January 750 at Zabu, the tributary of the River Tigris, and the last legion of the Bronx dynasty escaped from Egypt.

当年8月阿拔斯王朝的军队追到埃及杀死了这位倭马亚王朝的末代哈里发。阿拔斯王朝建国之初政局不稳，自称“萨法赫”（据说这个词同时兼具屠夫和仁慈之人的双关含义，大概就类似于乱世用重典保护百姓而行仁慈的含义）的阿布·阿拔斯千方百计致力于彻底铲除前朝余孽，为此他设计屠杀了倭马亚家族80余人；倭马亚王朝历代哈里发的陵墓也遭到破坏。改朝换代引发的国内动荡也波及到了8世纪初刚被阿拉伯人占领的中亚河中地区（阿姆河与锡尔河之间的地区）。

In August of that year, the army of the Atatus dynasty followed Egypt to kill the last caliphate of the Bhumaya dynasty. When the Atamus dynasty was founded, political instability took its toll, calling itself “Safah” (the term is said to have been used as a symbol of both butchers and mercifuls, presumably similar to that of the Arab-occupied Central Asian river (the area between the Amu Darya and the Syr River) in a desperate attempt to eradicate the past, for which he designed the massacre of more than 80 members of the Bhumaya family; the tombs of the former caliphate of the Bhumaya dynasty were also destroyed. The internal unrest caused by the conversion of the Dynasty had also affected the region of Central Asia (the area between the Amu Darya and the Syr River), which had been occupied by Arabs since the beginning of the eighth century.

一直在大食和大唐之间朝秦暮楚的当地土著王国见状也纷纷脱离大食。阿布·阿拔斯委派阿布·穆斯林出任呼罗珊总督。这位开国元勋驻节木鹿（今土库曼斯坦马雷州的一个绿洲城市）号令一方。他命令手下大将齐雅德·萨里率领新王朝的统治支柱——精锐的呼罗珊军队进入河中地区，镇压了布哈拉等地的叛乱。公元751年7月-8月阿拉伯帝国在之战中惨胜大唐安西驻军。鼎盛时阿拔斯王朝的疆域西起摩洛哥、东接印度、北抵高加索、南至撒哈拉沙漠，公元800年一度达到1260万平方公里。

Abu Aberts appointed Abu Muslims as Governor of Horusan, who was on the side of the Order of the Founding King, an oasis city in the state of Marre. He ordered the chief of the new dynasty, General Ziad Suri, who led the new dynasty, the elite Hurusan army, to enter the middle of the river and suppress rebellion in Bukhara. The Arabian Empire won the Great Anxis during the war in July-August 751.

11.大唐帝国

11. The Great Tang Empire

隋大业十三年（617年）太原留守李渊与其子李世民等人趁隋末天下大乱之际杀副留守王威、高君雅，其子李建成、李世民等人随即率兵3万南下攻克霍邑，斩宋老生，又招降关中孙华起义军。十一月李渊在攻取长安后立隋炀帝的孙子代王杨侑为帝，遥尊隋炀帝为太上皇，改元义宁，自为大丞相，封唐王。次年五月隋炀帝杨广在江都被宇文化及弑杀，李渊迫使杨侑让位于己，改国号为唐，建元武德。李唐开国之初就经历了玄武门之变：太宗李世民杀死兄长李建成、弟弟李元吉，逼迫父亲李渊让位于自己。

During the 13th year (617), Tai Yin and his son Li Shimin killed Wang Wai, Ko Kwan-ja, and others while they were in a state of chaos. In May of the following year, Yang Yang was killed by Yu, who forced him to leave the country, changed his name to Tang, and built Yuan Wuddh. At the beginning of Li Tang’s reign, Li Ying became the Emperor of the Emperor’s son Yang Yang, the Emperor of the Emperor and the Emperor of the Yang Yuan, and forced his father, Li Yong-hyeong, to leave him in his place.

就在李世民即位刚十二天的时候东突厥十万大军由颉利可汗亲率一直进击到大唐王朝的都城长安城下饮马渭水。这时的李世民选择了忍辱负重——拿出国库所有积蓄贿赂颉利可汗，与此同时自己亲赴突厥大营求和，然而即使在此时他也依然坚持绝不放弃长安城。尽管是前来求和，但当他单枪匹马步入突厥营帐和颉利面对面谈判时颉利被震慑住了，不久突厥退兵，但这件事被李世民和他的臣民视为国耻牢牢铭记。仅仅只过去了三年李唐王朝就联合反对颉利可汗的各部族向其发起全面的战略报复。

Only 12 days after Li’s arrival, the 100,000 East Turkic army was forced to drink horse water beneath the capital city of the Great Tang Dynasty by the prowess of Julika Khan. At that time, Lee’s people chose to endure the humiliation – offering all the savings of the national treasury to bribe Liqqhan – while at the same time going to Turky to seek peace – he insisted that he never abandon the city.

唐军深入突厥腹地俘虏颉利可汗灭东突厥。唐太宗李世民灭东突厥后保存其部落风俗，此后大量突厥人开始自动内附，突厥血统从此逐渐融合到中华民族大家庭的血脉之中。盛唐时期五品以上的突厥籍武官多达一百多人，几乎占到五品以上武官的一半。公元630年东北和西域各部族纷纷要求内属大唐王朝，各族首领齐聚长安，共同尊奉唐太宗为天可汗。也是在这一年孤悬海外的倭国向大唐帝国派遣了第一批遣唐使。十年后唐军征服位于吐鲁番盆地的高昌国。

As many as 100 Turks with more than five qualities during the time of Shengtang, almost half of the more than five. In 630 A.D., clans in the north-east and the west demanded that the Great Tang dynasty, the leaders of the clans, Qi Chang An, gather together to honor the Tang dynasty as a khan of the sky. It was also the year when the unsettled Japanese sent the first transporter to the Great Tang Empire. Ten years later, the Tang Army conquered the High Chang State in the Tutsu Basin.

唐朝没将高昌故地设为羁縻州府，而是完全效仿中原内地设为中央政府直接管辖的郡县。汉代开拓西域虽标志着西域纳入中华版图，但是以西域都护府的名义，李世民完成了中原王朝第一次在西域设置郡县的壮举。至此大唐王朝已先后取得针对东突厥、吐蕃、吐谷浑、高昌、焉耆、西突厥、薛延陀、龟兹等国的军事胜利。永徽元年（公元650年）9月高侃击擒突厥车鼻可汗，分置单于、瀚海二都护府。次年西突厥贺鲁自立为沙钵罗可汗。7月沙钵罗可汗攻入庭州，遣梁建方讨之。

The Tang dynasty did not establish Gau Chang as a state capital, but was fully modelled on the counties of the Central Mainland under the direct authority of the central government. The Han Dynasty opened the western part of the country, although it marked the introduction of the western part into the Chinese version of the map, but, in the name of the Western dynasty, Li completed the first time that the Chinese dynasty had set up a county in the western part of the country. The Great Tang dynasty has achieved military victories against Eastern Turky, Tatsuya, Gauchang, Dynasty, Western Turkic, Xue Yando, and Tonzze.

显庆二年（657年）唐高宗遣大将苏定方等大破西突厥，西突厥可汗沙钵罗逃奔石国（今乌兹别克斯坦首都塔什干一带）后被唐军擒拿，西突厥汗国至此灭亡。李治以西突厥故地分置昆陵、蒙池二都护府，次年徙安西都护府于龟兹（今新疆库车），至此中亚的绿洲地带已完全受唐朝支配，丝绸之路因此得以畅通无阻。此时李唐王朝的疆域东起朝鲜半岛，南抵越南顺化一带，西达中亚咸海以及呼罗珊地区， 北包贝加尔湖至叶尼塞河下流一带，国土面积达1237万平方公里。

During the second year (657), General Tang Goo was captured by the Tang army after he escaped from the Great Rocks State (now the capital of Uzbekistan, Tashkent). The West Turke Khan State was destroyed. Li Ji Ezexi was divided into Kunmai, Moncchi II carehouses, and Anxiy was guarded by Tortze (now the Xinjiang Koukang) the following year, and the oasis of Central Asia is now completely dominated by the Tang Dynasty, which has made the Silk Road unobstructed. At this time, the Li Tang Dynasty has moved east of the Korean peninsula, south of Viet Nam, south of Viet Nam, towards Central Asia, the Aral Sea, and Huroshan region, and north of the Lake Baikal to the Eunise River, with an area of 1,237,000 square kilometres.

12.中华民国

12. Republic of China

也许在很多人的意识里中国近代史就是一段屈辱史，然而我们千万不要忘记那个时代也是无数仁人志士为改变中国命运而奋斗的时期，从这个意义上而言：中国的近代史绝不仅仅只是一段屈辱史，同样也是一部奋斗史，正是在中国人民的奋斗之下才使这个民族在1949年迎来了凤凰涅槃一般的新生。事实上新中国的第一代领导者、建设者正是在这种乱世中成长起来的。在我们过去视为屈辱的近代史上也曾有过几次难得的令国人扬眉吐气的闪光亮点。

Perhaps the recent history of China was a humiliating one in the minds of many, but let us not forget that it was also a time of countless human beings who fought to change China’s destiny. In this sense, China’s recent history is not merely a history of humiliation, but also a history of struggle, which brought the nation to life in Phoenix in 1949 as a result of the struggle of the Chinese people. Indeed, the first generation of leaders and builders of the new China grew up in this troubled world.

1914年第一次世界大战爆发，以段祺瑞为首的皖系军阀极力主张参战，以便在战后以战胜国身份修改之前与列强签订的不利于中国的条约，为此段祺瑞还专门成立了一支部队打算用于参加一战。然而还没等这支军队赴欧参战，段祺瑞就在北洋军阀内部的权力斗争中失势。尽管参战军没遭到解散，但在国内外追求和平的潮流下依赖日本借款、挑起南北战争的皖系军阀已成为众矢之的。恰在此时在一战中遭受重创的俄国相继爆发了二月革命和十月革命。

After the first World War, in 1914, the warlords, led by Shirai Xiang Rui, strongly advocated participation in the war in order to amend the anti-China treaty with the Chinese powers before the war was over, and for that reason created a special army to participate in the war. However, they failed in the struggle for power within the North Ocean’s warlords before waiting for the army to go to Europe. Despite the fact that the fighting had not been dismantled, the warlords, who relied on Japanese borrowing in the country and abroad to wage a war between the North and the South, had become the target.

十月革命后俄国局势处于混乱状态。当时包括海参崴在内的俄国远东地区滞留有100多万华侨。他们的安全受到了俄国内战的威胁，一时间华侨潮水般涌向了中国驻海参崴领事馆。当时的中国政府面对这种局面兵分两路：一路赴海参崴执行护侨任务，一路由徐树铮率领出兵外蒙。这次军事行动后中华民国得以收复外蒙和唐努乌梁海地区，从而使国土面积一度达到1133万平方公里左右。1946年国民政府承认外蒙古独立之后的疆域面积已大致等同于我们如今的960万平方公里。

After the revolution in October, Russia was in a state of disarray. The Russian Far East, including Vladivostok, had more than 1 million Chinese residents. Their security was threatened by the Russian civil war, and China’s population had sprung into China’s consulate in Vladivostok for some time.

13.大明帝国

13. The Da Ming Empire

尽管《明史》声称明太祖朱元璋“定陕西、甘肃诸镇，嘉峪关以西置不问”——然而《明史》这句话其实有夸大的成分：当时新疆绝大部分地区的确不在明王朝的控制下，但在新疆东部的哈密地区明朝是设置有卫所的。事实上明成祖朱棣在派郑和下西洋的同时，也在积极经略西域地区：先后在嘉峪关以西设置哈密、安定、阿端、赤斤蒙古、曲先、罕东和沙州等关西七卫。还有西藏在有些人的印象中可能是清代才被纳入华夏大一统版图，然而实际上早在元代西藏就已是中国领土神圣不可分割的一部分。

Although the Ming Shiu Yuanjiang claimed that “the towns of Chenxi, Gansu, do not ask questions to the west of Kaguang” – the words of the Mingjiang are indeed exaggerated: while it was true that much of Xinjiang was not under the control of the Ming Dynasty, the Min Dynasty of Hami in the eastern part of Xinjiang was secured. In fact, Ming Dju Dynasty was actively passing through the region of Luxi: Khami, Valium, Aten, Huqiang, Quixiang, and Shazhou were set up in the western part of Kagueng.

明代实际上继承了对元代对西藏地区的行政管辖：公元1370年明军攻取洮州、岷州并进克元朝的吐蕃等处宣慰使司都元帅府（脱思麻宣慰司）的治所河州，吐蕃宣慰使何锁南普遂降明。元顺帝病殁后原先忠于元朝的西北藏族首领陆续归附明朝。1371年西藏的世袭封主镇西武靖王卜纳剌（元世祖忽必烈第七子西平王奥鲁赤的五世孙）携带元朝颁发的印信，率吐蕃诸部首领到南京向明朝纳款，表示归顺。明朝收缴了元朝授予他们的印信，分别授予他们为河州卫指挥同知、靖南卫指挥同知。

Ming Dynasty has in fact inherited administrative authority over the Tibetan region: in 1370 A.D., in the capital of the Preah Vihear State, Jiazhou, and the Tsai Dynasty State, the Consorts Department carried a signed letter from the Governor of the Preah Vihear State (the dissipation of the Consort) to the north-western Tibetan leaders who had previously been loyal to the Yuan Dynasty. In 1371, the royal capital town of Tibet, Wang Wuzhin Binh (the fifth grandson of the seventh son of Prince Zi Ping) was seized with the seal of the Dynasty, and the chiefs of each of them went to Nanjing to surrender to Ming Dynasin. The letter given to them by the Yuan Dynasty was seized by the Emperor, and they were given the same command as the river guards.

1372年元朝册封的帝师喃加巴藏卜降明并接受明太祖朱元璋的册封。1374年明朝正式在藏区设置乌思藏都司和朵甘都司两大地方行政机构。明朝在确定藏区的都指挥使司、卫、所的行政体制后陆续委任藏族首领担任都指挥使司和卫所的官职。明朝鉴于藏区政教合一的格局一方面在当地设立卫所、封以官爵，同时也加强了对藏传佛教各派首领的管控——明朝在藏区建立一套僧官制度：僧官分教王、西天佛子、大国师、国师、禅师、都纲、喇嘛等，每级依受封者的身份、地位进行分封。

In 1374, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea officially installed two major local administrations in the Tibetan region: the Ustudu Division and the Dogan Division. Following the identification of the Tibetan region's chief of command, guards, and its administrative structure, the Tibetan chief was appointed to the post of chief of the post of chief of command and guard. In view of the unity of the Tibetan administration, the Ming Dynasty has strengthened its control over the leaders of the Tibetan Buddhist sects by establishing the identity and status of each level by virtue of their identity and status.

1253年蒙古大汗蒙哥派遣自己的弟弟忽必烈征服了大理国。1271年已成为蒙古大汗的忽必烈仿照中原汉制建立元朝。元朝建立后忽必烈多次遣使要求缅甸蒲甘王朝称臣朝贡，然而蒲甘方面始终不予理睬。1277年元军越过此前大理和蒲甘的边界线进攻八莫，后因水土不服而主动撤离，而后元兵又多次进攻蒲甘。1279年元灭南宋后国力大增。1287年元兵自云南地区进攻蒲甘，蒲甘城破，蒲甘国成为元朝的藩属，那罗梯诃波帝失去王位，他之后的蒲甘国王都是元朝傀儡。

In 1253, Mongolia’s Great Khan Mungo sent his brother to conquer the Great Power. In 1271, it became Mongolia’s Khan’s Chu Bhu Bing – like the Chinese version of the Chinese version – established the dynasty. After the founding of the dynasty, Chu Bhir sent several calls to the Burma Peng dynasty to claim his dynasty, but the Peng dynasty was never heeded. In 1277, the Yuan army crossed the previous border line between Daikichi and Penggan to attack eight Mo, then left the latter on its own initiative because the soil did not agree.

后来元朝有进一步将蒲甘纳入缅中行省管辖，再后来又并入云南行省。1381年七月征南将军傅友德奉明太祖朱元璋之命同副将蓝玉、沐英一同远征云南，梁王把匝剌瓦尔密投滇池自杀，明军平定云南。此后明朝在继承延续元朝在西南地区的疆域基础上又设立了南甸宣抚司、干崖宣抚司、陇川宣抚司三大宣抚司和车里宣慰使司、缅甸宣慰使司、木邦宣慰使司、八百大甸宣慰使司、孟养宣慰使司、老挝宣慰使司六大宣慰司，合称“三宣六慰”。

Yuan Dynasty has since moved further into the jurisdiction of the central province of Burma and then into Yunnan Province. In July 1381, Fu Yude, General Nam, was ordered to march on Yunnan with the deputy generals Ramyu and Mu Yong-yung, who committed suicide and settled Yunnan with the army. After that, Ming Dynasty established the South Dynasty Dynasty Division, the Kancayi Dynasty Division, the three chief ministers and the Car Comforts Division of the Kantuan Dynasty Division, the Myanmar Consortortion Department, the Kim Bong Consortorship Department, the Eight-Eighth Commodore, the Meng Censorship Department, the Lao Sordial Security Division, and the Six General Comforts Division, known as the “Three Triple Six Comforts”.

洪武二十年（1387年）明将冯胜率大军二十万进逼金山，迫使北元太尉纳哈出归降，明王朝的疆域拓展到辽东地区。在东北女真族聚居地明朝陆续设置了一批羁縻卫、所，用以统治或控制当地民族：永乐元年（1403年）明朝派行人邢枢等往谕奴儿干，招抚诸部。二年置奴儿干等卫，其后相继建卫所达一百三十余个。永乐七年（1409年）明政府在当地官员忽剌修奴的建议下决定设置奴儿干都司以统辖各卫所。东宁卫指挥康旺被任命为都指挥同知，千户王肇舟并任命为都指挥佥事。

In 20 years (1387), Hong Wu pushed 200,000 of Feng's army into Kanshan, forcing the North Chief of Staff, Naha, to return, and the territory of the Ming Dynasty extended to the Liaodong region. In the northeast, a group of intern guards were set up to rule or control the local nation: Yong Leung Yuan (1403) and other pilgrims. Two-year guards were set up, followed by more than one hundred thousand guards. In seven years (1409), the government decided to set up the Qindu Division, on the advice of local officials, in response to the advice of the sabba.

明成祖朱棣在选配奴儿干地区的官员时选择了出自海西女真的宦官亦失哈：他既会女真语，又会汉语，既熟悉东北地区的风土民情，又熟悉明朝的典章制度。永乐九年（1411年）春亦失哈领官军千余、巨船二十五艘，护送康旺等官员至亨滚河口对岸的特林地方，正式开设奴儿干都司。奴儿干都司管辖大约300个羁縻卫、所，都司驻于黑龙江下游今俄罗斯哈巴罗夫斯克边区塔赫塔。奴儿干都司的管辖范围西起鄂嫩河，东至库页岛，北达外兴安岭，南濒日本海和图们江上游。

In selecting the officials of the Juntao area, Min Joo-Ju-Ju chose to take over from Haixi: he knew both the truth and the Chinese language, and was familiar with the Northeast region, and with the statute system of the Ming Dynasty. In the spring of Yong-Long (1411), he also lost more than a thousand leaders, 25 giant ships, escorting officials such as Kang Wang and others to the town of Trin on the other side of the river. The Nue-Kun division is responsible for approximately 300 guards, all stationed in Tahta, Khabarovsk border region, Russia, under the Helong River. The jurisdiction of the Nue-Kinsu division extends to the river Einon, the island of Kupai, the capital of the capital, and the border between the South and the sea of Japan and the Upper Tumen River.

永乐二年（1404年）一个名叫陈添平的越南人越境逃入明朝，他自称是越南陈朝宗室后裔。据他所称当时越南的统治者胡季犛、胡汉苍是以阴谋篡夺了陈朝江山，他请求明朝出兵协助自己恢复陈朝。明成祖朱棣也无法判断究竟这个的真实身份，于是他在未知会由胡氏父子派出的越南官方使节的情况下让陈添平和自称陈朝遗臣的越南人突然出现在他们面前，对此没预案的越南使节一时间乱了方寸以致不知该如何反应。这一切没逃过朱棣敏锐的眼睛，至此胡季犛篡位的真相浮出水面。

In two years (1404), a Vietnamese by the name of Chen Timping fled the border into Ming Dynasty, claiming to be the descendants of Chen Dynasty. According to him, the Vietnamese rulers at the time, Hu Qijiang and Hu Hanqing, who were conspiring to usurp Chen Dynasty, asked Ming Dynasty to assist them in returning to Chen Dynasty. Neither could I tell his true identity, so that he suddenly showed up in front of them the Vietnamese, who were known to be sent by Hu's father and son, and the Vietnamese, who did not plan for it, caused the Viet Nam to lose their way of reacting.

1406年明成祖朱棣派遣都督黄中护送陈添平归国即位。当明军行至越南支棱关时突遭埋伏于此的越军伏击，被越军抢走并处死。朱棣随即于当年9月以成国公朱能为征夷将军、西平侯沐晟为左副将、新成侯张辅为右副将、丰城侯李彬为左参将、云阳伯陈旭为右参将，领兵八十万南征。此时越南胡朝同时面对国内陈朝残余势力和明军的双重打击，到1407年（明永乐五年、越南胡开大四年）明军俘获胡家父子并成功占领越南。朱棣在越南设置交趾承宣布政使司，使其被纳入中国直接管辖的郡县体系。

In September of the same year, Chu was captured and executed by the Viet Nam army in the face of a combination of the remnants of the internal Chen Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty and the Ming army, who succeeded in taking over the country’s family’s father in 1407 (ming Yong-Long, Viet Nam, 5 years) and his family’s son in Ming Dynasty. Chu has set up announcing envoy in Viet Nam to integrate him into the county system under China’s direct jurisdiction.

宋元时期中国人已广泛活跃于东南亚。元灭南宋后不少南宋遗民逃亡海外：在崖山之战中南宋左丞相陆秀夫背负幼帝赴海而亡，其幼子带着剩下的南宋军民逃亡爪哇岛并一度在岛上建立顺塔国。当华人涌入爪哇岛时爪哇岛上的本土势力之间正处于混战状态：在此之前称雄于爪哇岛和苏门答腊岛以及周边海域的是三佛齐王国，然而在洪武三十年（1397年）崛起于爪哇岛东部的满者伯夷王国消灭了三佛齐王国，旅居三佛齐的华人联合不愿臣服于满者伯夷的三佛齐人拥戴广东南海人梁道明为三佛齐王。

The Chinese were already active in South-East Asia during the Song Won period. After the war, many of the South Songs left behind fled abroad: in the battle on the cliffs, the young son of the son of the son died carrying a young emperor who fled to the sea with the rest of the South Song army to Java and for one time to establish the State on the island. When the Chinese came to Java, there was a war between the indigenous forces of Java: before, they were known as the Kingdom of San Fuzi on Java and Sumatra and the surrounding maritime areas, but in the 30 years of Hong Wu, 1397, the full-time people who rose to the eastern part of Java destroyed the Kingdom of San Fuzi, and the Chinese residents of San Fuzi were reluctant to submit to the army of Buru.

爪哇岛上就此形成梁道明领兵与满者伯夷王朝对抗的局面。由于明太祖朱元璋颁布的海禁政策断绝了沿海居民的生计，因此在此之后的十年间有数万军民从广东渡海投奔梁道明，由华人统治的旧港王国就这样在爪哇岛上形成了。永乐三年（1405年）朱棣派梁道明的同乡监察御史谭胜受和千户杨信带敕书前往招安梁道明，试图以此建立海外奇功，梁道明在接受明王朝的敕书后和臣子郑伯可一同入朝觐见明成祖朱棣，而旧港则由梁道明的副手施进卿治理。

In the 10 years that followed, tens of thousands of civil and military troops crossed the sea from Guangdong to Doming, and the former Chinese-dominated kingdom was formed on Java. In three years (1405), Yong Leung-seok's co-supervisor Kim Dae-tae and Yoo-jin's Royal Book went to collect An Liang-ming, trying to build an overseas miraculous process, under which Liang and his brother-in-law could join him in the pilgrimage to Sung-joon, while the former port was ruled by the deputy of Leung Do-ming.

此时旧港地区最强大的有两股势力：其一是原旧港国王梁道明的副手施进卿，其二是海盗头目陈祖义。国王的头衔听起来当然比海盗头子好听，不过这与实力无关——其实梁道明及其副手施进卿与陈祖义一样都不过是从中原大陆亡命至此，所不同的是：梁道明选择与当地土著势力合作并逐渐站稳了脚跟，而陈祖义则始终啸聚海上。在与来自爪哇岛的满者伯夷王朝对抗的过程中二者曾一度结成暂时的同盟，然而一山终究难容二虎，双方的兵戎相见是迟早的事。

There are two of the most powerful forces in the old port region: the former King Leung Do-ming's deputy, Mr. Ying, and the pirate leader, Mr. Chen. The king's title certainly sounds better than the pirate's head, but it has nothing to do with power — indeed, the fact that Liang Do-ming and his deputy are no more than the death of Chen's father, unlike the fact that Liang chose to work with local indigenous forces and gradually establish his foot, while Chen's father was always at sea. There was a temporary alliance between the two in the course of the confrontations with the Manift Dynasty of Java, but it was only a matter of time before the end of the mountain, when the soldiers of both sides met.

1407年陈祖义在明朝郑和船队与施进卿的联合夹击之下覆灭了，明成祖朱棣在陈祖义势力被消灭后册封施进卿为旧港宣慰使，正式设置大明旧港宣慰司，其辖区包括如今的马来半岛、新加坡、苏门答腊、爪哇以及泰国、菲律宾的一部分。若以明朝全盛时期奴儿干都司、哈密卫、乌斯藏都司、三宣六慰、交趾承宣布政使司、旧港宣慰司全部统计在内的版图约为1100万平方公里，不过明朝在全盛时期所开拓的这些领土大多并没维持多长时间。

In 1407, Chen Tzu Yi was destroyed by the combined assault of Ming Dynasty and the flotilla with the Minister of Education, Ming Joo-Ju-Ju-Ju-Jung, after the destruction of Chen's forces, served as a condolence minister for the old port, and formally set up the Damen-Hyun Port Comfort Division, whose jurisdiction includes today's Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, and parts of Thailand and the Philippines. The map is about 11 million square kilometres.

可能有人注意到排名第5位的西班牙帝国之后紧接着就是排名第7位的倭马亚帝国，那么第6位呢？这里并不是我把数字打错了，而是因为第6位就是今天全世界领土面积最大的俄罗斯联邦。至此我们已可以给古往今来世界主要领土大国进行排名了。人类历史上疆域面积最大的国家是3400万平方公里的大英帝国，其次是3300万平方公里的蒙古帝国，第三位是2280万平方公里的俄罗斯帝国，第四位是2240万平方公里的苏联，第五位是2000万平方公里的西班牙帝国。

It may be noted that the fifth-ranking Spanish Empire was followed immediately by the seventh-ranked Eymaya Empire, so what is sixth? It is not that I misfigured the numbers, but that sixth is the Russian Federation, which today has the world’s largest territory. So far we have been able to rank the world’s major territorial powers. The largest country in human history is the Great British Empire of 34 million square kilometres, followed by the Mongolian Empire of 33 million square kilometres, the Russian Empire of 22.8 million square kilometres, the fourth Soviet Union of 22.4 million square kilometres, and the fifth Spanish Empire of 20 million square kilometres.

第6位是1710万平方公里的俄罗斯联邦，第7位是1340万平方公里的倭马亚帝国，第8位是1316万平方公里的大清帝国，第9位是1289.8万平方公里的法兰西殖民帝国，第10位是1260万平方公里的阿拔斯帝国，第11位是1237万平方公里的大唐帝国，第12位是1133万平方公里的中华民国，第13位是1100万平方公里的大明帝国，第14位是1040万平方公里的葡萄牙帝国，第15位是998万平方公里的加拿大，第16位是960万平方公里的中华人民共和国，第17位是937万平方公里的美利坚合众国。

The sixth is the 17.1 million square kilometres of the Russian Federation, the seventh is the 13.4 million square kilometres of the Angma Empire, the eighth is the 13.16 million square kilometres of the Great Qing Empire, the ninth is the 12,898,000 square kilometres of the French colonial Empire, the tenth is the 12.6 million square kilometres of the Attic Empire, the eleventh is the 12 370,000 square kilometres of the Great Tang Empire, the twelfth is the Republic of China, the 13 is the 11.3 million square kilometres of the Great Ming Empire, the 14th is the 10.4 million square kilometres of the Portuguese Empire, the 15th is the 998 million square kilometres of Canada, the 16th is the People's Republic of China, the 17th is the 9.37 million square kilometres of the United States of America.

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