哈马斯如何利用加密货币筹集资金

据美国有线电视新闻网报道：哈马斯一直依赖伊朗的大力资助，以获取实施恐怖活动所需的关键资源。然而调查者在全球范围内发现，哈马斯正在利用一种新的收入来源，那就是来自网民通过加密货币的支持。

在哈马斯对以色列的突然袭击开始之前，华盛顿特区的司法部官员就已经开始对这个组织通过所谓的洗钱者使用加密货币的行为进行刑事调查。

司法部的律师对这个洗钱案发布的详情非常少——大部分法院文件都被封锁——但公开的文件显示，此案源自三年前美国政府查封的与哈马斯有关的加密货币账户。五月的一份法院文件表示该案还在进行中，法官暂停了与之相关的民事程序，以允许刑事案件在没有干扰的情况下继续进行。

此外，以色列因其与哈马斯和另一个巴勒斯坦激进组织的据称的连接而查封的加密货币地址在私人分析师看来总共价值几千万美元。

哈马斯试图规避被美国和欧洲联盟认定为恐怖组织制裁的资金凑集方式，加密货币只是众多众多方式之一。

前CIA分析师，现在是美国新安全中心的资深研究员Yaya Fanusie表示：“哈马斯或其他恐怖组织没有固定的筹资方式。他们是机会主义者，善于适应。阻止他们就像打一场永无止境的猫鼠游戏。

然而，一些募捐呼吁却明目张胆地出现

根据美国国土安全部今年发布的报告，哈马斯和其他恐怖组织已经开始利用Facebook和X（原名推特）公开分享他们的加密货币钱包地址，并向公众解释如何捐款。

2019年，一位新泽西州的男子被控在Instagram上公开宣称他“向哈马斯捐献了100美元”。这名男子，也被指控向该组织发送了大约20美元的比特币，并后来承认试图隐瞒他对哈马斯的物质支持。

当各国政府试图对这类交易进行监管时，哈马斯的军事部队——卡桑部队——在4月份宣布，为了保护捐款人，它将停止使用比特币进行筹款，这是路透社的报道。

然而，哈马斯似乎并未完全放弃此类筹款活动。本周二，以色列当局宣布冻结了在本周冲突期间该组织用于募捐的更多加密货币账户。

根据以色列政府的命令，除了比特币，以色列当局称与哈马斯有关的加密货币钱包还包括以太币、XRP、泰达币和其他货币。

哈马斯通过加密货币募集的资金具体总额尚不明确，但已有证据表明他们筹集了大量资金。如BitOK的首席执行官Dmitry Machikhin所述，哈马斯关联的加密货币地址在2020年到2023年期间收到了近4100万美元的款项，这是《华尔街日报》首次报道的内容。另一方面，分析公司Elliptic表示，哈马斯的激进伙伴，巴勒斯坦伊斯兰圣战组织，据称持有9400万美元的资金。然而，Elliptic指出，其中多少资产直接属于该组织还不清楚。

Elliptic的研究员Arda Akartuna在接受CNN采访时指出，到目前为止，哈马斯及其军事翼卡桑旅在筹集资金方面成为了“最成功的加密资产筹款发起者”。

Akartuna指出，追踪卡桑旅的加密货币资产变得越来越复杂，原因是该组织依赖“一次性”的加密地址（为每一位捐赠者单独生成），以及那些能将加密货币匿名转换成现金且没有交易记录的非法货币交换平台。

Akartuna表示，“犯罪分子总是在寻找新的最佳途径来继续他们的活动”，他解释了当执法机构封锁其他筹款途径时，新的筹资方法如何浮出水面。

伊朗是哈马斯的主要捐助者

根据2021年美国国务院的报告，伊朗每年向包括哈马斯和巴勒斯坦伊斯兰圣战在内的巴勒斯坦恐怖组织提供高达一亿美元的资金。报告指出，哈马斯也在其他阿拉伯湾国家以及他们的慈善组织中筹集资金。

美国财政部的报告揭示了哈马斯在接收伊朗资金时，有时会通过位于土耳其和黎巴嫩的金融家。例如，2019年财政部的报告提到，一位黎巴嫩的金融操作员充当了伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队和哈马斯之间的“中间人”，并与黎巴嫩的真主党合作，以确保资金转移。

此外，美国财政部在2018年对9个目标实施了制裁，原因是这些目标涉及一个网络，这个网络使得伊朗可以通过俄罗斯公司向叙利亚提供石油，换取叙利亚向伊朗的伊斯兰革命卫队提供资金，然后这些资金又被转交给了哈马斯和真主党。

2018年美国财政部的一份咨询报告中指出，伊朗采用了多种策略来资助包括哈马斯在内的恐怖组织，如利用空壳公司网络，由高级官员掩盖的交易，以及使用贵金属来规避制裁。

德黑兰最近对哈马斯对以色列的突袭行动表示赞赏，但同时也否认了自己参与其中。

白宫国家安全顾问杰克·沙利文在周二说，伊朗在一定程度上对此负责，因为他们为哈马斯的军事部门提供了大部分资金，以及其他支持。

哈马斯还通过非正式税收和走私筹集资金

根据美国国会研究服务部的五月份报告，哈马斯也通过非官方的税收和走私行为筹集资金。尽管CNN尝试联系哈马斯的代表以回应这些指控，但尚未收到任何回复。

政府调查员并不是唯一关注哈马斯财务状况的人。代表19岁的美国人Yitzchak Weinstock家庭的律师Asher Perlin也在关注哈马斯的财务状况。1993年，Weinstock在耶路撒冷遭到哈马斯恐怖分子的谋杀。2019年，Weinstock家庭在法庭上赢得了近8000万美元的赔偿，但他们并未找到合适的方式来收取这笔钱。

然而，当美国司法部在2020年对三个利用加密货币和社交媒体进行筹款的组织进行了打击，其中包括哈马斯的卡桑旅后，Perlin开始考虑新的策略。根据司法部的公告，调查人员已经冻结了150个与哈马斯有关的加密货币账户。

在获得法庭批准后，执法人员秘密地控制了哈马斯的筹款网站，捐款者以为他们在向恐怖组织捐款，但实际上他们是向美国政府控制的比特币钱包存款。

检察官提交了文件，请求法官发布没收命令，以便他们可以合法地占有这些资产。Perlin视此为一个机会，帮助他的客户Weinstock家庭收回他们应得的赔偿。

然而，Perlin表示这个案子已经拖延了两年，因为政府的律师希望法官能给他们更多的时间，以便进行相关的刑事调查。今年五月，法官指出，这个刑事调查是关于为哈马斯洗钱的指控，并在这个没收案件中暂停了六个月的审理。这个暂停将在下个月结束。

在一次电话采访中，Perlin表示他对司法部的行动感到非常失望，因为司法部告诉他，他们会反对将任何被没收的资产分配给他的客户。司法部并未立即回应我们的评论请求。

Perlin表示，据他所知，唯一尝试根据对哈马斯的判决来收款的人，就是Weinstock家族。他说：“没有任何理由，他们不能对这些资产执行他们的判决。”

常见问题

一、什么是制裁名单？

制裁名单由政府或国际组织创建。它们可以包括违反国际法或进行非法活动（如毒品和人口贩卖）的个人、实体或团体，或者被怀疑参与恐怖主义活动，包括资助、扩散大规模杀伤性武器等。

企业需要遵循制裁体系，因此需要在法律规定的情况下对客户（个人和法人）、受益人和其他相关人员进行筛查。以下是何时需要进行筛查的情况：

• 在接纳新客户之前

  
  

  According to CNN, Hamas has been relying on Iranian financial aid to obtain the key resources needed to carry out terrorist activities. However, investigators have found around the world that Hamas is using a new source of income, that is, the support of netizens through cryptocurrency. Before Hamas's sudden attack on Israel began, officials of the Ministry of Justice in Washington, D.C. began criminal investigations into the organization's use of cryptocurrency through so-called money launderers. Lawyers released very few details about this money laundering case, but most court documents were blocked. However, public documents showed that the case originated from the cryptocurrency account related to Hamas that was seized by the US government three years ago. A court document in May indicated that the case was still in progress, and the judge suspended the civil procedure related to it to allow the criminal case to continue without interference. In addition, the cryptocurrency seized by Israel because of its alleged connection with Hamas and another Palestinian radical organization. In the opinion of private analysts, the address is worth tens of millions of dollars in total. Hamas tries to evade the way of collecting funds sanctioned by the United States and the European Union as a terrorist organization. Encrypted currency is just one of many ways. The former analyst is now a senior researcher at the New Security Center in the United States. He said that Hamas or other terrorist organizations have no fixed way to raise funds. They are opportunists who are good at adapting and stopping them, just like fighting an endless catch me if you can. However, some fund-raising appeals appear blatantly. According to the report released by the US Department of Homeland Security this year, Hamas and other terrorist organizations have begun to share their cryptocurrency wallet addresses with Twitter and explain to the public how to donate. In 2000, a man from New Jersey was accused of publicly claiming that he donated US dollars to Hamas. The man was also accused of sending bitcoin of about US dollars to the organization and later admitted to trying to conceal his material support for Hamas. When governments tried to supervise such transactions, Hama. Reuters reported that Kasang, the military unit of Sri Lanka, announced in January that it would stop using bitcoin to raise funds in order to protect donors. However, it seems that Hamas has not completely given up such fund-raising activities. On Tuesday, the Israeli authorities announced that they would freeze more cryptocurrency accounts used by the organization to raise funds during this week's conflict. According to the order of the Israeli government, in addition to bitcoin, the cryptocurrency wallet related to Hamas also includes Ethereum Teda and other currencies Hamas. The specific total amount of funds raised by cryptocurrency is not clear, but there is evidence that they have raised a lot of funds. As the CEO said, the cryptocurrency address associated with Hamas received nearly $10,000 from to, which was first reported by the Wall Street Journal. On the other hand, the analysis company said that Hamas's radical partner, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, allegedly held $10,000, but pointed out that how many of the assets directly belonged to the organization was accepted by researchers who were still unclear. During the interview, it was pointed out that Hamas and its military wing, Kasang Brigade, have become the most successful fund-raising sponsors of encrypted assets, pointing out that tracking the encrypted currency assets of Kasang Brigade has become more and more complicated because the organization relies on one-time encrypted addresses to generate them for each donor, and those illegal currency exchange platforms that can anonymously convert encrypted currency into cash without transaction records indicate that criminals are always looking for new and best ways to continue their activities. It explains how new fund-raising methods emerge when law enforcement agencies block other fund-raising channels. Iran is the main donor of Hamas. According to the report of the State Council in 1996, Iran provides up to 100 million dollars of funds to Palestinian terrorist organizations including Islamic Jihad in Hamas and Palestine every year. The report points out that Hamas also raises funds in other Arabian Gulf countries and their charitable organizations. The report of the US Treasury Department reveals that Hamas sometimes receives Iranian funds. However, financiers in Turkey and Lebanon, such as the report of the Ministry of Finance in, mentioned that a Lebanese financial operator acted as an intermediary between Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Hamas and cooperated with Hezbollah in Lebanon to ensure the transfer of funds. In addition, the US Treasury Department imposed sanctions on three targets in, because these targets involved a network that allowed Iran to provide oil to Syria through Russian companies in exchange for Syria's funding for Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The funds were then transferred to Hamas and Hezbollah. In a consulting report, the US Treasury Department pointed out that Iran used various strategies to finance terrorist organizations, including Hamas, such as using the shell company network to cover up transactions by senior officials and using precious metals to evade sanctions. Tehran recently praised Hamas's raid on Israel, but at the same time denied its participation. Jack Sullivan, White House national security adviser, said on Tuesday that Iran, to a certain extent. Responsible for this, because they provided most of the funds for Hamas's military departments and other support, Hamas also raised funds through unofficial taxes and smuggling. According to the May report of the US Congressional Research Service, Hamas also raised funds through unofficial taxes and smuggling. Although trying to contact the representative of Hamas to respond to these allegations, it has not received any reply. Government investigators are not the only ones who are concerned about Hamas's financial situation, and lawyers representing American families aged 18 are also in custody. Note: Hamas's financial situation was murdered by Hamas terrorists in Jerusalem in, but the family won nearly $10,000 in court in, but they did not find a suitable way to collect the money. However, when the US Department of Justice cracked down on three organizations that used cryptocurrency and social media to raise funds in, including the Kasang trip in Hamas, they began to consider new strategies. According to the announcement of the Ministry of Justice, investigators have frozen three cryptocurrency accounts related to Hamas. After the approval of the court, law enforcement officers secretly controlled the fund-raising website in Hamas. Donors thought they were donating money to terrorist organizations, but in fact they submitted documents to the US government-controlled Bitcoin wallet deposit prosecutor requesting the judge to issue a confiscation order so that they could legally possess these assets. They regarded this as an opportunity to help his clients' families recover their due compensation. However, they said that the case had been delayed for two years because government lawyers hoped that the judge would give them more time to conduct relevant criminal investigations. In May this year, the judge pointed out that this criminal investigation was about money laundering for Hamas. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

• 在对客户信息进行KYC审查或更改时

• 在处理任何交易之前

• 在国家和/或国际制裁名单有任何更新时

与受制裁的个人或组织进行业务可能会给企业带来严重后果，例如：

• 安全漏洞

• 监管罚款

• 法律诉讼，例如监禁

• 声誉损害

其他行动，取决于司法管辖区，例如在阿联酋，可能会禁止违规者在相关行业工作，时间由监管机构决定，或者撤销许可证。

二、制裁的类型

制裁的主体可以根据各种因素而变化。有些制裁针对整个司法管辖区（联合国对朝鲜的制裁），而其他制裁则更加针对性（欧盟对叙利亚基地组织附属团体Hurras al-Din的制裁）。还有一些制裁针对特定的个人和实体，如美国财政部海外资产控制办公室（OFAC）特别指定国民和封锁人员名单上的个人和实体。

制裁也根据行业的不同而有所不同。例如，鉴于俄罗斯入侵乌克兰，欧盟的限制性措施对以下行业进行了限制：

• 金融行业（例如，将关键的俄罗斯银行从SWIFT中断开）；

• 能源行业（例如，对俄罗斯煤炭和其他固态化石燃料的禁令）；

• 航空、海运和道路运输（例如，禁止向俄罗斯出口、销售、供应或转让所有飞机、飞机零部件和设备，以及用于航空行业的商品；关闭欧盟空域对所有俄罗斯所有、注册或控制的飞机，包括寡头的私人飞机）；

• 武器禁运（禁止向俄罗斯出售、供应、转让或出口所有类型的武器和相关材料；禁止出口民用枪支）；

• 对包括铁、钢、煤、水泥、沥青和柏油、碳和合成橡胶、海鲜、俄罗斯产金和其他奢侈品等商品的贸易限制和禁令。

制裁也可以根据制定它们的权威机构进行分类：

国家/政府制裁。国家可以同时实施行业制裁和针对性制裁（由各国维护的名单，包括因非法活动受制裁的个人或实体，例如恐怖主义融资）。以下是一些针对性制裁的国家例子：

• 美国财政部海外资产控制办公室（OFAC）名单

• 英国HM财政部金融制裁实施办公室的综合名单

• 澳大利亚外交和贸易部（DFAT）的制裁名单

• 卢森堡的国际金融制裁名单

• 国际制裁。也可以有由国际组织，如联合国和欧洲联盟等实施的制裁。这些制裁可以针对对国际和平与安全构成威胁的个人、组织或国家。以下是一些国际制裁的例子：

• 联合国安全理事会的制裁名单，针对与武器扩散、恐怖主义或人权侵犯有关的个人或实体

• 受欧盟金融制裁的人员、团体和实体的综合名单

有关欧盟制裁制度的更多信息，可以在此地图上找到。

三、挑战与解决方案：

制裁筛查对许多企业来说是一个挑战。公司面临的主要问题有：

大量的数据。制裁筛查涉及处理和分析大量的信息，包括客户名字，交易，交易类型等。这可能使得准确识别可能的匹配变得困难，并可能导致误报，这些误报可能很难解决。

语言相关的复杂性。制裁名单可能很复杂，可能包括各种替代拼写，别名，字母，缩写和其他因素，这使得识别被制裁的个人和组织变得更加困难。这可能导致假阴性，这可能使企业面临制裁违规的风险。

资源有限。企业可能没有足够的资源进行定期的制裁筛查，特别是如果他们是手动进行的。

增加的监管审查。制裁名单可能会频繁变化，甚至是每天都在变化。监管机构正在加大力度关注负责任的机构如何遵守制裁制度。他们对机构如何快速将制裁变更纳入其运营中的期望也在提高。

解决方案：

找到一个可靠的服务提供商，拥有大量的制裁和反洗钱名单，这些都可以自动筛查。

使用可靠的解决方案进行持续监控，以立即获得可能的匹配警报。

获取带有 “模糊匹配” 算法的自动筛查工具。这是一个有效的筛查系统，它依赖于精确和近似的名称匹配进行准确识别，因为坏的行为者经常颠倒名字和其他数据试图隐藏他们的真实身份。

进行员工意识培训。企业应对参与制裁筛查的员工进行持续的培训，确保他们对最新的制裁名单和制裁合规的最佳实践保持最新。