“ChatGPT之父”奥特曼被开除之谜

币圈资讯 阅读:45 2024-04-22 12:41:57 评论:0
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当地时间11月17日,美国人工智能研究公司OpenAI官方公告宣布:山姆·奥特曼(Sam Altman)将卸任首席执行官并退出董事会。

这则公告措辞相当严厉:“奥特曼先生的离职是董事会经过深思熟虑后做出的决定,董事会认为奥特曼先生在与董事会的沟通中不够坦诚,妨碍了董事会履行职责的能力。董事会不再相信他有能力继续领导OpenAI。”

从OpenAI董事长、总裁Greg发的帖子来看,开除的过程是这样的:周四晚上,奥特曼接到首席科学家Ilya的短信,约周五中午开会。周五中午,奥特曼接入会议,董事会其他成员,除了Greg都在,奥特曼被告知被解雇了。晚上12:19Greg接到Ilya的电话,12:23Greg接入会议,被告知已被从董事会移出,继续留任管理层,奥特曼已被解雇。

去年11月底,随着ChatGPT的闪亮问世,人工智能浪潮席卷全球,奥特曼荣获“ChatGPT之父”的美誉。时隔一年,他就被开除了,颇具戏剧性。

此前11月6日,奥特曼还在OpenAI首届开发者大会上向全球开发者和ChatGPT用户公布一系列产品更新,包括快速创建定制ChatGPT的GPTs,以实现人人都能拥有大模型的梦想,并表示将与微软和谷歌等公司展开竞争。

周四,奥特曼还在APEC会议上发言,表示看好人工智能技术,认为这一技术短期内还不需要重大监管,他甚至声称:“作为一个物种,人类现在正走在自我毁灭的道路上,而人工智能可能是阻止人类自我毁灭的手段。”

然后周五忽然就被“离职”了。

11月18日凌晨5:46,奥特曼在X平台发信息回应:“我热爱在OpenAI的这段时光,它改变了我,也希望它能改变世界。最重要的是我曾和众多才华横溢的人一起工作。关于下一步的打算,我晚些会有更多解释。”

OpenAI首席技术官米拉·慕拉提(Mira Murati),原CTO,被任命为临时CEO。同时,公司总裁Greg Brockman宣布将辞去董事会主席职务,但他将继续在公司担任职务,直接向首席执行官汇报工作。

董事会称临时CEO慕拉提技术全面,特别是在AI管理和政策推行方面经验丰富。此前的报道称她为“人工智能领域的一个充满活力的调和人物”,她对政府监管表示欢迎。

周五,她在一次全公司会议上告诉员工,奥特曼离职后,微软与OpenAI的关系保持稳定。受奥特曼离职消息影响,微软股价尾盘一度“跳水”跌超2%,收跌1.68%。微软发表声明称,本公司与OpenAI有着长期合作关系,恪守对OpenAI的投资承诺。

可见,奥特曼被赶出董事会至少有两个原因:

一是在处理与微软的关系这个问题上,他与董事会意见不一致;

二是短期内是否应该阻止对人工智能的监管这个问题上,与董事会意见不一致。

求包养还是求独立?

微软是目前为止对OpenAI投资最多的公司,2019年投资了10亿美元后,2023年早些时候又投资了100亿美元。

微软和OpenAI一度被称为科技圈的“浪漫联盟”。不过仔细看,就会发现精明的微软在“浪漫”面前完全没有失去理智。2019年向OpenAI投资10亿美元时,条件就对微软非常有利,买断GPT-3的基础技术独家许可权,OpenAI大部分技术优先授权给微软产品,微软成为OpenAI的独家云供应商,也就是说OpenAI得到的微软的投资额中有很大一部分是要作为云使用费支付给微软的。

去年11月,OpenAI发布ChatGPT聊天机器人,几周内就风靡全球。今年2月初,ChatGPT开启狂飙模式,一场新的全球人工智能竞赛被引爆,巨头逐鹿。微软立马将ChatGPT接入微软云服务,推出GPT-3、GPT-4版Office全家桶等一系列新产品,特别是微软将ChatGPT纳入其搜索引擎推出新版必应人工智能搜索引擎(Bing Chat),业内人士认为这很可能助微软一臂之力,在搜索市场攻城掠地。

每次新技术出现的时候,都是行业大洗牌的时候。尽管在2023年10月的全球搜索市场,谷歌占据了91.55%的市场份额,而必应仅为3.11%,比去年还略有下降,但是人工智能这个新技术浪潮打过来,博弈的不确定性将大大增加,这对领导者谷歌是个巨大的挑战,而对跟随者微软则是巨大的机会。

微软显然不希望OpenAI为其他客户提供产品和服务,对它最有利的局面是OpenAI只作为它背后的一个赋能者,不要出到前台接客。同时,微软又有其他的赋能者、合作伙伴,确保灵活性。好比浪漫关系中,双方都希望自己有很多情人,对方只有自己一个情人。

今年3月的一份微软内部文件显示,为说服客户选择自家的Azure OpenAI服务,微软竟暗令其销售人员“拉踩”OpenAI。Meta重磅发布开源大语言模型LIama 2时,微软宣布成为Llama 2的首发伙伴。

奥特曼显然不愿意接受这样的“被包养”的角色,也在频频接触新“金主”。

正当他信心满满求独立生存的时候,OpenAI董事会发动了“政变”,一夜之间,把他赶出了公司。

一个由非营利组织掌控的营利公司

虽然微软对OpenAI进行了巨额投资,但是它投资的是成立于2019年的OpenAI Global,由2015年在特拉华州注册的OpenAI非营利组织“完全掌控”。

OpenAI Global “获准赚取并分配利润”,但仍须服从上层机构非营利组织OpenAI所倡导的使命。OpenAI一直强调微软“接受了我们的上限股权收购要约,以及我们将AGI技术和治理权保留在非营利组织乃至全人类手中的请求”。

2023年1月,奥特曼接受采访时也说:“我希望看到的未来是,人工智能的使用权超级民主化,世界上有多个AGI,可以帮助人们形成多种观点,不会让任何人变得太强大。”

根据微软与OpenAI的投资协议,微软对OpenAI Global获得利润的收益,仅限于OpenAI章程中规定的“实现AGI(通用人工智能)之前的收益”。

“AGI”被定义为“一种高度自治的系统,能够在最具经济价值的工作中表现出超越人类的能力。”那么谁来决定有没有“实现AGI”呢?

OpenAI的董事会六位成员,人称“Open AI六大金刚”:董事长兼总裁Greg Brockman、首席科学家Ilya Sutskever、首席执行官Sam Altman以及三位非OpenAI雇员的独立董事,Adam D'Angelo、Tasha McCauley和Helen Toner。

如果他们认为已经“实现AGI”了,那么微软就不再有获得利润的权利。这种由非营利性董事会决定营利性公司的股东是否能够获得收益的做法的确比较少见,但是OpenAI本身就很特殊,奥特曼等人创立OpenAI时,它是一个非营利组织,宗旨使命是确保安全的通用人工智能(GAI)造福人类。

他们认为非营利性董事会关注的受益对象是全人类,而营利性董事会则服务于投资者。他们还努力建立起另一重保障,也就是让董事会保持多数独立,即大多数成员不持有OpenAI Global的股权。

有专家认为,确实有一些非营利组织拥有营利组织的股份,其中最著名的是好时信托。但他们完全掌控下设的营利公司,没有小股东的反对。而对于OpenAI,微软的营利性利益可能会直接与控制实体的非营利性利益发生冲突。

一旦OpenAI实现了其提出的AGI使命,微软恐怕就要被剔除出局。不过在上周的OpenAI开发日活动中,奥特曼向微软CEO萨蒂亚·纳德拉保证:“我高度赞赏双方在技术层面的合作关系……也期待能够共图AGI大业。”

在英国《金融时报》11月13日对奥特曼的最新采访中,这位OpenAI掌门人表示公司与微软的合作关系“运作良好”,并预计“随着时间推移,我们将筹集到更多资金。”

在被问及微软是否会进一步注资时,奥特曼表示“希望如此……从目前的进展到AGI还有很长的路要走,期间少不了借助大量计算设施……AI训练仍须投入巨额成本。”

也就是说,奥特曼的观点是AGI还没有实现。据消息称,OpenAI的六人董事会日前就是否已实现AGI进行了研判,奥特曼被开除或许是一个结果。

理想主义者奥特曼

2005年,奥特曼和两个同学一起辍学创业,开发了一款能够与朋友分享位置的社交媒体软件Loopt,著名创业孵化器Y Combinator投资了该软件。

三年后,乔布斯邀请奥特曼参加苹果手机发布会,这款软件进入苹果APP商店。此后,奥特曼又开发了一些软件,都曾风靡一时,运营一段时间后,将它卖掉。2011年,他成为Y Combinator的合伙人。

2015年夏天,在硅谷一酒店里,奥特曼举办了一个私人派对,他邀请了多个行业知名人士,其中包括特斯拉的马斯克以及马斯克之前Paypal的合作伙伴彼得·蒂尔(Peter Thiel)和雷德·霍夫曼(Reid Hoffman)。

当时他们看到硅谷巨头谷歌以4亿美元收购了人工智能公司Deep Mind,一致认为如果谷歌和Deep Mind成功,很可能会垄断人工智能技术。他们不能让这种情况发生。

当年12月11日,OpenAI宣布成立,奥特曼、马斯克、霍夫曼、蒂尔等人提供资金,使命是确保安全的通用人工智能(AGI)造福人类。当时成立的时候性质是一个非营利组织,这引起业内关注。

Deep Mind第二年就发布了轰动一时的Alpha Go,而Open AI还在起步。奥特曼为了能够专注于发展OpenAI,于2019年辞去了Y Combinator的职务,担任OpenAI的CEO。

不久,奥特曼就发现,实现使命需要大量资金,而非营利机构的性质阻碍了资金筹集。2019年3月OpenAI宣布创建一个营利性实体,以确保能够筹集足够的资金,同时保留非营利组织的使命、治理和监督。之所以要搭建这样一个“非营利机构+营利公司”的架构,是因为“我们所知道的任何现有法律结构都无法达到正确的平衡。” 

这的确是个悖论,为了实现“确保安全的通用人工智能(AGI)造福人类”的使命,他必须筹集巨额资金;而资金是需要回报的,非营利组织无法实现这个目标。所以只得再成立一个营利性实体,即一家有限责任公司。

奥特曼还做出了一个不同寻常的决定:他不会持有公司的股权。自己曾经投资了几家非常成功的科技初创公司,已经非常富有,并不需要钱。避开任何股权将有助于他与最初的使命保持一致。

然而这一决定实际上让OpenAI的一些潜在投资者望而却步,他们怀疑奥特曼不持有股权是看不到该项目的回报。不过,2019年7月,OpenAI公司还是获得了微软的投资10亿美元。

被赶出自己创办的公司是种标志、荣誉?

奥特曼被开除消息一出,马斯克旗下的社交平台“X”通过其官方账号发布了“求职申请链接”,并附带一句“以防有人需要”。嘲讽中带着同情,这很符合马斯克的特点,也许是他在对奥特曼抛出橄榄枝。

2018年初,马斯克告诉奥特曼,他认为OpenAI已经比谷歌落后了一大截,提出由他控制并亲自负责运营OpenAI。当年,特斯拉也曾出现这种情况,马斯克接管后果然大获成功,他可能想重复特斯拉的经验。

不过,这次他没能获得控制权,因为奥特曼和其他创始人一致拒绝了这一提议。于是2018年2月20日,马斯克以特斯拉研发自动驾驶技术与OpenAI存在利益冲突为由宣布退出OpenAI董事会,不再以任何方式参与其事务。

2022年11月底,ChatGPT一经推出就爆红,马斯克非常生气。2023年2 月17日,他在推特上写道:“OpenAI打着开源的旗号创立,这也是我将其命名为“Open”(“开放”)AI的原因,本来是一个非营利机构,目的是成为对抗谷歌的力量,而如今它变成了一个由微软控制的、追求利润最大化的闭源的公司。”

3月15日,马斯克又在推特上写道:“我仍然很困惑,当初我捐赠了约1亿美元的非盈利组织如今为何变成了一家市值300亿美元的盈利性公司的?如果这是合法的,为什么每个人不去效仿呢?”

近日,OpenAI正在洽谈以900亿美元的估值出售现有员工股份,估值年内飞涨。

马斯克的愤怒可以理解,非盈利组织忽然就变成了盈利公司,一亿美元,如果不是对非盈利组织的捐赠,而是对盈利公司的投资,那么还能获得股份;不过,这应该不是他愤怒的主要原因。

一亿美元对他来说是小菜一碟,然而他认为奥特曼背叛了当年他帮助他创立OpenAI时的初心、宗旨和使命,本来是要对抗谷歌这个在人工智能领域的潜在垄断者,结果助力了一个现实的垄断者微软。

如今,奥特曼被赶出了OpenAI,证明马斯克错怪了他,他和微软不是一伙的。倒是正好可以去马斯克那儿继续搞AI,对抗微软这个垄断者。

今年7月12日,马斯克在推特宣布成立人工智能公司xAI,公司目标是理解宇宙的真实本质。11月5日,马斯克旗下xAI团队发布其首个AI大模型产品——Grok。据介绍,Grok通过X平台实时了解世界,还能回答被大多数其他AI系统拒绝的棘手问题。

马斯克应该会很高兴“收留”奥特曼,他自己曾经两次被董事会赶出自己创办的公司,这种创伤终身难忘,而且他被赶出去的原因也和奥特曼很相似,他要追求的梦想,打造一个独立、伟大的公司,而不是被包养的三流公司。

当然另外一个原因是他彪悍的管理风格。不管怎样,他应该比较容易与奥特曼共情。

马斯克的第一桶金来自他创办的在线黄页公司Zip2,他想买下域名“city.com”,与雅虎和美国在线展开正面竞争,但是董事会情愿把产品降格成报业集团的无名供应商。马斯克抗争,董事会就把他赶出了董事会,并削弱了他在公司的权力,变相赶他出去。

他一开始准备斗争到底,后来临时CEO普罗迪昂劝他说:“这是你的第一家公司,我们找一个收购者,赚点儿钱,这样你就可以做第二、第三、第四家公司了。”

1999年1月,马斯克和弟弟金博尔创立Zip2四年后,康柏公司以3.07亿美元的现金收购了它。27岁的马斯克获得了2200万美元。

然后他又创办了第二家公司——在线支付公司X.com。该公司后来与蒂尔、列夫琴等人创办的在线支付公司Confinity合并,推出了PayPal服务。后来蒂尔等人趁他在外度蜜月,发动“政变”,把他赶出了公司。

马斯克感觉像是后背被捅了一刀,“这件事情让我感到极度难过,我无法用语言来形容,”他在邮件里写道,“我为这家公司殚精竭虑,公司账上几乎所有现金都来自我从Zip2挣的钱,我的婚姻也岌岌可危,他们却说我恶贯满盈,连申诉的机会都没给我。”

PayPal于2002年上市,当年7月以15亿美元的价格被eBay收购。马斯克得到的回报约为2.5亿美元。不过它本可以发展成一个价值数万亿美元的公司,马斯克当年创办它时的愿景是社交媒体+超级银行,好比后来我们这里的微信。他执意收购推特,就是要实现早年的这个梦想。

他说:“这就是推特未来可能要完成的使命。你如果把社交媒体和支付平台结合起来,就能创造出我心目中X.com应该成为的样子。”

后来马斯克告诉《公司》杂志:“伟大的东西永远不会在风险投资人和职业经理人手里诞生。他们没有创造力,也没有洞察力。”

三年之内,马斯克两次被从自己创办的公司赶出来,比乔布斯当年被赶出苹果的经历惨烈得多。苹果在乔布斯离开后每况愈下,最后不得不再把乔布斯请回来,力挽狂澜。

不知道上帝给奥特曼的是哪个剧本,不管怎样,对人类科技发展、文明进步有贡献的人总是值得大家尊重的,为他祝福吧。


On January, local time, the official announcement of American artificial intelligence research company announced that Sam Altman would step down as CEO and quit the board of directors. The wording of this announcement was quite harsh. Mr. Altman's departure was a decision made by the board of directors after careful consideration. The board of directors thought that Mr. Altman's lack of frankness in communication with the board of directors hindered the board's ability to perform its duties. The board no longer believed that he was capable of continuing to lead. Judging from the post sent by the chairman and president, the process of dismissal was like this on Thursday night. Altman received a short message from the chief scientist about a meeting at noon on Friday. At noon on Friday, Altman accessed the meeting. Other members of the board of directors were told that they had been fired except at Altman. At the evening, they were told that they had been removed from the board of directors and remained in management. Altman had been fired at the end of last year, with the shining wave of artificial intelligence sweeping the world, Altman won the reputation of the father. It was quite dramatic that he was fired one year later at the first developer conference. Announced a series of product updates to developers and users around the world, including the rapid creation of customized products to realize the dream that everyone can have a big model, and said that he would compete with companies such as Microsoft and Google. Altman also spoke at the meeting on Thursday, saying that he was optimistic about artificial intelligence technology and thought that it did not need major supervision in the short term. He even claimed that as a species, human beings are now on the road of self-destruction, and artificial intelligence may be a means to prevent human beings from self-destruction, and then it was suddenly destroyed on Friday. In the early morning of March, Altman sent a message on the platform to respond to the time I loved being here. It has changed, and I hope it can change the world. The most important thing is that I have worked with many talented people. I will explain more about the next step later. Milla Murati, the chief technology officer, was appointed as temporary, and the president of the company announced that he would resign as chairman of the board of directors, but he will continue to hold his post in the company and report directly to the CEO. The board of directors said that temporary Murati was comprehensive and special in technology. In particular, she is experienced in management and policy implementation. Previous reports called her a dynamic conciliator in the field of artificial intelligence. She welcomed government supervision. On Friday, she told employees at a company-wide meeting that the relationship between Microsoft and Altman remained stable after his departure. Microsoft's share price plunged and fell more than it closed at the end of the day. Microsoft issued a statement saying that the company has a long-term cooperative relationship with Altman, and it can be seen that at least two of them have been expelled from the board of directors. The first reason is that he doesn't agree with the board of directors on the issue of dealing with the relationship with Microsoft, and the second reason is that he doesn't agree with the board of directors on whether to stop the supervision of artificial intelligence in the short term, and whether to seek support or independence. Microsoft has invested billions of dollars in the company that has invested the most so far, and then invested billions of dollars in Microsoft and the romantic alliance once known as the science and technology circle earlier this year. However, if you look closely, you will find that smart Microsoft has not lost its mind in the face of romance. The conditions are very favorable for Microsoft when it is worth 100 million US dollars. Most technologies are given priority to Microsoft products, and Microsoft has become the exclusive cloud provider. That is to say, a large part of Microsoft's investment is to be paid to Microsoft as a cloud usage fee. Last month, chat bots were released, and within a few weeks, they became popular all over the world. At the beginning of this year, a new global artificial intelligence competition was detonated, and the giants competed for each other. Microsoft will immediately access the Microsoft cloud service, the launch version of the whole family bucket and so on. A series of new products, especially Microsoft, will be included in its search engine to launch a new version of Bing artificial intelligence search engine. Insiders believe that this is likely to help Microsoft. Every time a new technology appears in the search market, it will be a major reshuffle of the industry. Although Google occupied a slightly lower market share in the global search market in September than last year, the uncertainty of the game played by the new technology wave of artificial intelligence will greatly increase, which is a big challenge for the leader Google. It is a great challenge, but it is a great opportunity for the follower Microsoft. Obviously, Microsoft doesn't want to provide products and services to other customers. The most favorable situation for it is that it only acts as an enabler behind it and doesn't go out to meet customers at the front desk. At the same time, Microsoft has other enabling partners to ensure flexibility, just like in a romantic relationship, both sides hope that they have many lovers, and the other side has only one lover. An internal Microsoft document this month shows that in order to persuade customers to choose their own services, Microsoft has secretly ordered them to sell. Altman, the first partner announced by Microsoft when the staff stepped on the heavy release of the open source language model, was obviously unwilling to accept such a captive role, and he was also in frequent contact with the new financier. Just as he was full of confidence and wanted to survive independently, the board of directors staged a coup and drove him out of the company overnight. A profit-making company controlled by a non-profit organization, although Microsoft invested heavily in it, it invested in a non-profit organization registered in Delaware in. And distribute profits, but we still have to obey the mission advocated by the upper-level non-profit organizations. We have always stressed that Microsoft has accepted our upper-limit equity acquisition offer and our request to keep the technology and governance rights in the hands of non-profit organizations and even all mankind. Altman also said in an interview in June that the future I hope to see is the right to use artificial intelligence, which is super-democratic. There are many in the world that can help people form a variety of views and will not make anyone too strong. According to the investment agreement between Microsoft and all mankind, Microsoft will gain. The income from profit is limited to the income before the realization of general artificial intelligence as stipulated in the articles of association. It is defined as a highly autonomous system that can show its ability to surpass human beings in the most economically valuable work. So who will decide whether it has been realized? The six members of the board of directors are called six donkey kong, chairman and president, chief scientist, chief executive officer and three independent directors who are not employees. If they think it has been realized, Microsoft will no longer have the right to make profits. It is rare for the board of directors to decide whether the shareholders of for-profit companies can get benefits, but it is very special in itself. When Altman and others founded it, it was a non-profit organization. Its mission was to ensure the safe and universal artificial intelligence for the benefit of mankind. They believed that the non-profit board concerned about the benefit of all mankind, while the for-profit board served investors. They also tried to establish another guarantee, that is, to keep the board of directors independent, that is, most members did not hold shares. Some experts believe that there are indeed some non-profit organizations with shares in for-profit organizations, the most famous of which is Hershey Trust, but they 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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