为现实世界资产(RWAs)打造NFT

现实世界资产通证化面临着前所未有的机会，价值数百万亿美元的资产、流程和业务都可以实现通证化。

本文深入探讨了非同质化通证(NFT)可以带来哪些独一无二的通证化机会。

NFT的发展历程

如今，NFT的应用场景主要是数字艺术、藏品以及游戏资产。NFT在这些领域的价值显而易见，用户将视觉化的元数据，比如静态或动态图片，附加在NFT中，以此来保障数字艺术或藏品的所有权。而这种方式在区块链技术出现以前是无法实现的。

NFT在数字藏品、艺术品以及其他类型的数字媒体领域已经被证明是有价值的。世界各地的收藏家们都受到这一创新技术的启发，将NFT头像、游戏内NFT以及算法生成式NFT艺术品等各类数字原生媒体永远收藏。 

然而NFT的价值远不止于此。可能有很多人都以为附加在NFT中的图片就是NFT本身，但实际上，除了图片之外还可以附加许多其他类型的元数据到NFT中。几乎任何形式的数据都可以附加到NFT中，如果有需要，这些数据还可以随着时间推移而不断升级。元数据可以不断升级的NFT也被称作动态NFT。

NFT最核心的部分就是它的TokenID。TokenID是一串独一无二的“条形码”，标志着它在区块链上的独特身份。这个特性再加上通证本身的价值，就使得NFT可以完美应用于区块链经济以外的许多其他资产。

NFT元数据可以是任意数据，而且可以更改。而TokenID自从NFT铸造出来的那一刻起就无法被更改了

资产通证化是如何运作的？

“资产通证化”指采用智能合约和区块链技术，将某一资产(或负债)的所有权或权益表示成可交易的链上通证。

从现实世界资产(RWA)的角度来看，资产通证化的过程就是将区块链之外的资产(也称为链下资产)重新格式化成链上通证。一旦资产被通证化后，就可以在多方之间高效地储存、更新以及转移。另外，还可以轻松地为这些资产创建高流动性的市场。

资产通证化的方式多种多样。目前，像现金这类现实世界资产已经完全数字化了，因此就需要在托管这些资产的传统系统以及区块链网络之间实现互操作性。而黄金这类资产则仍是实物资产，因此就需要第三方托管方来保管这些实物资产，以证明每个通证都对应着一定数量的黄金储备。如上文所述，所有通证资产都可以提升效率，不过不同性质的资产在通证化路径以及具体的通证标准或技术架构方面都有所不同。

将NFT用于现实世界资产

将带来哪些好处？

NFT最适用于独一无二的资产，这些资产往往很难用同质化通证来代表。通证化的房地产就是一个典型的例子。每栋楼无论是在面积、房龄、位置、新旧还是其他方面，都有其独特性。

因此，考虑到房地产这类资产的特殊性，NFT的优势就非常明显。NFT在本质上只包含两个部分，即：TokenID和元数据。

• TokenID是一串独一无二的条形码，赋予资产独特的身份。比如，相邻的两栋房产会有不同的tokenID。 

• 元数据描述了NFT的内容。比如，房地产NFT可以追踪房地产的地址、翻修情况以及交易历史等各类数据。正如上文所述，NFT的元数据可以持续更新。

将NFT用于现实世界资产通证化还有一个关键的考虑因素，那就是可拆分性。大多数同质化通证都可以被拆分成小份，比如你可以拥有1.534个通证。而NFT是非同质化通证，因此NFT更适合用来代表一个最初完整的、无法拆分的资产，或者是由某一方完全拥有的资产。

NFT在现实世界资产中有哪些应用？

NFT在现实世界资产的应用大致可以分为两类，即：

• 1:1挂钩实物资产的通证

• 需要实时更新元数据的独特资产

将实物藏品变成数字化藏品

现实世界资产NFT最有潜力的一个领域就是艺术品、卡片、球鞋、手表以及体育纪念品等实物藏品。这类藏品总计价值为4,620亿美元。

虽然资产通证化这个市场仍然在发展初期，但已经有越来越多的项目在探索实物藏品通证化。要将现实世界资产通证化，最重要的是要验证实物资产和通证之间的关联性。比如，Courtyard要求他们的用户把宝可梦实物卡片寄给一个可信的第三方来进行验证和储存，然后在此基础上铸造相应的宝可梦NFT卡片。这样做可以在很大程度上避免实物卡片损坏、丢失、被盗或消失。然后Courtyard会将NFT卡片发给用户，用户可以在NFT市场中自由地展示、交易和出售这些NFT。

还有一个更简单的应用场景，那就是如今的高端艺术品市场。比如一个人拥有一件被存放在博物馆中的艺术品，而且这件艺术品被博物馆验证并做成了NFT通证。如果这个人想要出售这件艺术品，他不用转移实物艺术品，而是只需要将代表艺术品的通证出售即可转让所有权。任何藏品都可以采用这个方法来交易。如今，价值数千亿美元的实物藏品都以NFT的形式加入到了Web3经济中。

需要定制化且实时更新元数据的独特资产

NFT还适用于需要定制化且实时更新元数据的独特资产。比如某种全新的气候资产，其价值取决于在一段时间内所积累的碳信用；或者一辆特斯拉汽车，其元数据包含里程数以及车辆历史数据；或者一份12个月的租赁协议，每月的现金流是2600美元，每个月更新一次；亦或者一个有效期为10年的专利证书。

对于许多资产类型来说，关键是要能够持续更新NFT的元数据，提示资产最新的相关信息。资产通证化能够实现纯链上的元数据，基于标准化的元数据参数实现自动定价，并提升流动性和可访问性，为相似的资产更精准地发现价格，以此来改善信息不对称的情况并造福于整个市场。 

Chainlink在资产类NFT领域发挥的作用

Chainlink网络可以将现实世界与区块链双向连通。

资产类NFT必须能够连通链下对应的实物资产。Chainlink的作用就是将NFT连通链下实物资产，并在整个区块链生态中转移任何现实世界资产的NFT通证，提供所有数据、计算和跨链资源。

• 第一阶段：通证化

  Chainlink储备金证明可以验证链下储备金，并以去中心化的方式将储备金数据上链，让用户相信通证与链下实物资产完全挂钩。

  
  

  In the real world, asset certification is facing unprecedented opportunities, and asset processes and businesses worth hundreds of trillions of dollars can be certified. This paper deeply discusses the development process of unique certification opportunities that non-homogeneous certification can bring. Today's application scenarios are mainly digital art collections and the value of game assets in these fields. It is obvious that users attach visual metadata such as static or dynamic pictures to them to protect the ownership of digital art or collections. This way could not be realized before the blockchain technology appeared, and it has been proved to be valuable in the field of digital collection of artworks and other types of digital media. Collectors all over the world are inspired by this innovative technology to collect all kinds of digital original media such as avatar games and algorithmic artworks forever. However, the value is far more than that. Many people may think that the attached pictures are themselves, but in fact, many other categories can be attached besides pictures. Almost any form of metadata can be attached to the database, and if necessary, these data can be continuously upgraded over time. The core part of metadata that can be continuously upgraded is that it is a unique bar code that marks its unique identity in the blockchain. This feature, together with the value of the certificate itself, makes it perfectly applicable to many other assets outside the blockchain economy. Metadata can be arbitrary and can be changed. Since the moment it was cast, it has not been changed. How does asset certification work? Asset certification refers to the use of smart contracts and blockchain technology to express the ownership or rights of an asset or liability as a tradable on-chain certificate. From the perspective of real-world assets, the process of asset certification is to reformat assets outside the blockchain into on-chain certificates. Once assets are certified, they can be stored, updated and transferred among multiple parties efficiently. In addition, it is easy to create a highly liquid market for these assets. There are various ways to pass assets. At present, real-world assets such as cash have been completely digitized, so it is necessary to achieve interoperability between traditional systems hosting these assets and blockchain networks, while assets such as gold are still physical assets. Therefore, it is necessary for a third-party custodian to keep these physical assets to prove that each pass corresponds to a certain amount of gold reserves, as mentioned above. Can improve efficiency, but assets of different nature are different in the path of certification, specific certification standards or technical framework. What benefits will assets bring to the real world? They are most suitable for unique assets. These assets are often difficult to represent certified real estate with homogeneous certification, which is a typical example. Every building has its own uniqueness in terms of area, age, location, old and new or other aspects, so considering the particularity of assets such as real estate, the advantages are not. It is often obvious that it only contains two parts in essence, that is, it is a unique barcode with metadata, which gives assets a unique identity. For example, two adjacent properties will have different metadata, which describes the contents, such as real estate can track the address, renovation and transaction history of real estate. As mentioned above, metadata can be continuously updated and will be used for real-world asset certification. Another key consideration is separability. Most homogeneous certificates can be dismantled. Divided into small parts, for example, you can have a certificate instead of a homogeneous certificate, so it is more suitable to represent an initially complete and inseparable asset or an asset wholly owned by a certain party. What are the applications of real-world assets? It can be roughly divided into two categories: the certificate linking physical assets, the unique assets that need to update metadata in real time, and the most potential field of real-world assets is art cards and sneakers. The total value of physical collections such as watches and sports souvenirs is $100 million. Although the market of asset certification is still in its early stage of development, more and more projects are exploring the certification of physical collections. The most important thing is to verify the correlation between physical assets and certificates, such as asking their users to send Baokemeng physical cards to a trusted third party for verification and storage, and then casting corresponding Baokemeng cards on this basis. To a great extent, physical cards can be prevented from being damaged, lost, stolen or disappeared, and then the cards will be sent to users, who can freely display transactions and sell them in the market. There is also a simpler application scenario, that is, today's high-end art market, for example, a person owns a piece of art stored in a museum, and this piece of art has been verified by the museum and made a pass. If the person wants to sell this piece of art, he only needs to transfer the physical art instead of representing it. Any collection can be traded by this method. Nowadays, hundreds of billions of dollars worth of physical collections have been added to the economy in the form of unique assets that need to be customized and updated in real time. It is also suitable for unique assets that need to be customized and updated in real time, such as a brand-new climate asset, whose value depends on carbon credits accumulated over a period of time or a Tesla car whose metadata includes mileage and vehicle history. According to a monthly lease agreement, the monthly cash flow is US dollars, which is updated once a month, or a patent certificate with a validity period of years. For many asset types, the key is to be able to continuously update the metadata to remind the assets of the latest related information. The asset certification can realize the metadata on the pure chain, realize automatic pricing based on standardized metadata parameters, and improve liquidity and accessibility. Find the price for similar assets more accurately, so as to improve the information asymmetry and build it. Thanks to the role of the whole market in the field of assets, the network can connect the real world and the blockchain in both directions. Assets must be able to connect the corresponding physical assets under the chain. The function is to connect the physical assets under the chain and transfer any real-world assets in the whole blockchain ecology. Provide all data calculations and cross-chain resources. The first-stage certification of reserves can verify the reserves under the chain and upload the reserve data in a decentralized way to convince users that the certificate is completely linked to the physical assets under the chain. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

  
  

• 第二阶段：丰富数据

  Chainlink Functions将链下数据源接入智能合约，以安全、可靠且信任最小化的方式将相关元数据更新到资产类NFT中。

  
  

• 第三阶段：转移通证

  Chainlink跨链互操作性协议(CCIP)可以创建跨链NFT，这种NFT可以在任何区块链之间转移。这将为资产类NFT带来更多流动性和对手方。

Chainlink可以大规模地为现实世界资产通证提供全套服务

未来就在眼前

现实世界资产的通证化，是将当前社会中已经存在的许多资产转化成更高级的数字化形态。而NFT将在这一新兴链上经济中扮演至关重要的角色。

试想一下这样的未来：无论是陈年红酒还是价值连城的艺术品，所有产品都可以通过可验证的数据输入和链上所有权来实现追踪；要验证学位只需要向雇主一键发送加密的学位证明即可；智能合约具有去中心化、透明以及自动化的特质，因此可以针对我们生活中必不可少的资产和数据打造一个更加高效的新世界。要实现这个愿景，就必须将现实世界接入区块链，而其中第一步就是将现实世界中的资产通证化。