区块链能否为人工智能保驾护航?

币圈资讯 阅读:40 2024-04-22 12:30:31 评论:0
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前言

有人认为,具有私有和公共两个方面的混合区块链可以解决人工智能(AI)的“黑匣子”问题。

人工智能和区块链是新兴的数字技术,吸引了公众的想象,但也引发了严重的担忧。因此,我们不禁要问:人工智能和区块链能否以造福人类的方式融合在一起?

有理由这么认为。早在2016年,Vitalik Buterin就写道,Crypto经济学和人工智能安全社区都在“努力解决从根本上说是相同的问题”,即如何监管具有“不可预测的突发属性”的复杂智能系统。

毕竟,两者都依赖于本质上“笨拙”的系统来进行控制,“这些系统的属性一旦创建就不灵活”。例如,智能合约一旦实施,就无法更改。他总结说,两个社区“应该多听听对方的意见”。

去年,随着ChatGPT和其他生成式AI工具的出现,人们越来越担心人工智能可能失控。在一个可怕的情景中,人类可能失去对自主武器系统的控制。

因此,区块链和智能合约可以在某种程度上充当防护栏,阻止人工智能模型偏离航道的说法越来越流行。

Foresight研究所总裁Allison Duettmann在最近举行的SmartCon 2023大会上表示:“在Crypto领域工作的每个人都可以发挥独特的作用,让AGI顺利发展。考虑到人工通用智能(AGI,即机器达到人类水平的智能)可能会很快到来的预测,这一点尤为重要。”

这种潜在的人工智能和区块链技术融合也在最近发布的、Casper Labs委托进行的一项调查中引起了IT决策者的关注。在接受调查的美国、欧洲和中国的608位IT领导人中,近一半(48%)的人都认为,人工智能和区块链技术的融合有可能彻底改变行业,从而提高数据的安全性、透明度和效率。

技术互补,势头增强

其基本理念是,区块链不可变、不可篡改的分布式账本与智能合约一起,可以为人工智能的实施提供防护,确保生产的是负责任的人工智能。有人认为,区块链甚至可以作为失控人工智能模型的一种 “紧急关闭”开关。

在Zogby Analytics公司委托Casper Labs进行的调查中,71%的IT领导者表示,他们认为“区块链和人工智能是互补的技术”。此外,当被问及他们的组织目前如何使用区块链时,“与AI有效合作”是整体最受欢迎的回答(51%)。

此外,美国总统拜登于11月1日发布了一项行政命令,制定了新的AI安全标准。该命令旨在保护公众免受各种风险的侵害,包括危险的AI工程生物材料、AI助力的欺诈和欺骗。

“这一命令带来了很大的动力”,以企业为重点的Layer 1区块链Casper Labs的首席执行官兼联合创始人Mrinal Manohar在接受Cointelegraph采访时表示。

最近,越来越多的企业IT人员开始考虑人工智能治理问题,是否会看到更多企业推出实际的人工智能/区块链项目?

“我们预计2024年将是大型POC (概念验证)和MVP (最小可行产品)的一年。在那之后,我预计会有实际的案例出现。”Manohar表示。

但毫无疑问,这其中肯定存在障碍,包括扩展。尽管最近取得了一些进展,但在大容量去中心化区块链中及时验证交易仍然是一项挑战。

人工智能治理中心主任Ben Garfinkel在一篇常被引用的2021年论文中写道:“包括以太坊在内的既有无权限区块链效率太低,甚至无法运行相当简单的应用。即使是一个检查谁赢了一盘棋的应用程序,也会受到以太坊目前的限制。”

然而,Garfinkel认为,如果智能合约“变得足够可靠”,它们可能会作为验证机制对待国际协议,以管理AI系统。

Casper Labs显然更为乐观。Manohar在报告中写道:“在解决AI的‘黑匣子’难题竞赛中,区块链正在成为我们一直在等待的一体化解决方案,以纳入急需的透明度。”用户基本上看不到人工智能系统的内部运作,因此才有了“黑匣子”的比喻。

混合区块链解决方案

不过,如果区块链技术连规模都无法扩大,又怎么可能被视为人工智能“黑匣子”问题的解决方案呢?

“解决扩展问题的方法是通过混合区块链,”Manohar告诉Cointelegraph。今天没有人讨论将庞大的数据集放在以太坊或Casper Labs自己的第一层区块链上。Casper Labs的解决方案涉及同时使用许可(私有)区块链和公共(非许可)区块链。

Manohar进一步解释道:“人们强迫自己陷入这样一种思维,即你必须完全获得许可,或者你必须完全开放。在混合区块链中,你拥有属于自己的私有区块链。你可以控制它,配置它,你可以使其运行得尽可能快,因为你有一个有限的验证者集。”

而公有链呢?那更多是用于版本控制和记录。例如,你可能想在公有链上注册一个新版本的人工智能。Manohar表示:“这种混合模型的美妙之处在于,你可以选择什么时候需要公有链的不可篡改性,什么时候只需要自己管理基础设施。”

他还强调,“只要你在公有区块链上充分存储了引用,你就能始终确保这些数据没有被篡改,因为如果被篡改,哈希值将会不匹配。任何需要审计的东西都可以放在公共区块链上,因为它是防篡改的。因此,每当我修改人工智能或使用新的数据集时,我都会向公共区块链发送一次ping。”

当今人工智能的一个大问题是,人们不知道什么时候会出错。但区块链提供了一种可以倒带的方法,因为区块链高度序列化并带有时间戳。

“因此,如果人工智能模型开始出现幻觉或固有偏差的迹象,你只需将人工智能系统回滚到没有这些问题的最近一次迭代,随后就能诊断出问题数据的来源”,Casper Labs在其网站上指出。

但其他人并不相信区块链能解决人工智能的 “黑匣子 ”问题。

密歇根大学迪尔伯恩分校副教授兼迪尔伯恩人工智能研究中心主任Samir Rawashdeh告诉 Cointelegraph:“将区块链的'透明性'描述为人工智能'黑匣子'问题的解药其实是一种误导。这并不会使机器学习模型的固有内部工作更容易理解,也不会清楚知晓特定输出以何种方式追溯到原始训练数据。”

Rawashdeh认为,Casper Labs真正提出的是一个“版本控制系统”,尽管带有一些不错的功能,可以用来“跟踪AI模型的开发和部署。”

尽管如此,Rawashdeh补充说,区块链可以通过提供有助于确保用于训练AI模型的数据集的数据完整性、来源和透明度的审计跟踪,间接应对“黑匣子”挑战。但这并不能让实际决策过程变得更容易解释。

当机器联合对抗人类

展望未来,人们对人工通用智能(AGI)产生了担忧:区块链是否能帮助避免那些AGI模型推翻选举甚至参与战争的噩梦场景?

“它实际上可以提供巨大帮助,”Manohar回答道,“区块链将是AI模型的最佳紧急停机开关,前提是其电力通过完全去中心化的区块链传输。”

也就是说,区块链及其人类验证者决定人工智能模型是否接收电力。“总有一个紧急停机信号,如果所有验证者都同意,他们可以关闭网络,切断AI对电力的访问,”Manohar补充道,“实际上,它可以作为一个非常有效的'死亡开关',以应对那些噩梦般的场景。”

疑虑依然存在

此次整合区块链和人工智能的计划还存在其他潜在阻碍。首先,“人工智能社区对Crypto存在很多怀疑,”Duettmann指出。对许多人来说,Crypto资产和区块链仍然会让人联想到不可替代通证骗局和其他不光彩的行为。

尽管如此,当被问及Foresight是否看到更多的AI/区块链项目融资提案时,Duettmann回答:“现在这个领域有很多类似的活动。”她平均每周能看到约五份结合了区块链和人工智能技术的资助提案。当然,研究所只能资助其中的一小部分,但“肯定会有很大的增长”。

至于这两个社区,“归根结底,他们之间有很多可以相互学习的地方,”她说。在SmartCon 2023的演讲中,她指出,Crypto行业在网络安全方面非常出色,经常采用 “红队”(red teaming),即团队搜索会导致灾难性行为的输入。她提议:“让我们将'红队'扩展到机器学习模型中。”

在中国获得更多认可

在中国,人工智能与区块链技术的结合似乎尤其受到青睐。在Casper Lab的调查中,68%的中国IT受访者同意“人工智能和区块链技术的融合有可能彻底改变我们的行业,从而提高数据的安全性、透明度和效率”。相比之下,这一比例在美国为48%,在欧洲仅为34%。

为什么在中国如此之高?Manohar认为,中国近年来一直对Crypto持敌视态度,但对区块链技术仍持积极态度。一些城市已经将地契放到了区块链上,中国认为区块链技术是一种有效的认证和跟踪机制。

相比之下,在西方,“每个人都认为区块链只是Crypto资产,”Manohar断言。但这种教育差距可能会缩小。从长远来看,“一切都会回归均值”。

这是区块链的杀手级应用吗?

Manohar被问到,人工智能与区块链的融合最终是否会成为区块链寻找已久的“杀手级应用”。

他回答说:“这可能是其中之一。区块链在供应链和金融技术领域的跟踪和追踪治理协议也是候选应用,但这两个领域在区块链和智能合约出现之前就已经有了合格的治理。相比之下,人工智能领域没有现存的治理系统。因此,创新的空间要大得多,我真的认为这可能是区块链的杀手级应用。”


Foreword Some people think that the hybrid blockchain with private and public aspects can solve the black box problem of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence and blockchain are emerging digital technologies, which attract the public's imagination, but also cause serious concern. Therefore, we can't help but ask whether artificial intelligence and blockchain can be integrated in a way that benefits mankind. It is reasonable to think so. As early as 2000, it was written that economics and artificial intelligence security communities are trying to solve fundamentally the same problem, that is, how to supervise the existence of. After all, both complex intelligent systems with unpredictable and unexpected properties rely on inherently clumsy systems to control them. Once the properties of these systems are created, they are inflexible. For example, once smart contracts are implemented, they cannot be changed. He concluded that the two communities should listen to each other's opinions more. Last year, with the emergence of other generative tools, people became more and more worried that artificial intelligence might get out of control. In a terrible situation, human beings may lose control of autonomous weapon systems, so blockchain and smart contracts can be It is becoming more and more popular to act as a protective fence to prevent the artificial intelligence model from deviating from the channel to some extent. At the recent conference, the president of the Institute said that everyone working in the field can play a unique role to make the smooth development. It is particularly important to consider the prediction that artificial general intelligence, that is, the intelligence of machines reaching human level, may come soon. This potential integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology has also aroused the decision makers' attention in a survey commissioned recently. Pay attention to the fact that nearly half of the leaders in the United States, Europe and China surveyed believe that the integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology may completely change the industry, thus improving the security, transparency and efficiency of data, and enhancing the complementary momentum of technology. Its basic idea is that blockchain can not be changed and tampered with, and distributed account books together with smart contracts can provide protection for the implementation of artificial intelligence and ensure that responsible artificial intelligence is produced. Some people think that blockchain can even be used as out-of-control artificial intelligence. The leaders in the survey commissioned by the company said that they think blockchain and artificial intelligence are complementary technologies. In addition, when asked how their organization uses blockchain at present, effective cooperation is the most popular answer. In addition, US President Biden issued an executive order on March to set new safety standards, which aims to protect the public from all kinds of risks, including fraud and deception aided by dangerous engineering biomaterials. In an interview, the CEO and co-founder of enterprise-focused blockchain said that more and more enterprise personnel have recently begun to consider the issue of artificial intelligence governance, and whether more enterprises will launch actual artificial intelligence blockchain projects. We expect that 2008 will be the year of large-scale proof of concept and minimum feasible products. After that, I expect that there will be actual cases, but there is no doubt that there must be obstacles, including expansion, despite recent achievements. Some progress has been made, but it is still a challenge to verify transactions in a timely manner in a large-capacity decentralized blockchain. The director of the artificial intelligence governance center wrote in a frequently cited annual paper that the existing unauthorized blockchain, including Ethereum, is too inefficient to run quite simple applications. Even an application that checks who won a game of chess will be limited by Ethereum at present. However, it is believed that if smart contracts become reliable enough, they may treat international agreements as verification mechanisms. The management system is obviously more optimistic. In the report, it is written that blockchain is becoming an integrated solution that we have been waiting for to incorporate the much-needed transparency. Users basically can't see the internal operation of artificial intelligence systems, so there is a metaphor for black box hybrid blockchain solution. However, if the blockchain technology can't even be expanded, how can it be regarded as a solution to the problem of artificial intelligence black box? The solution to the expansion problem is through mixing. The combined blockchain tells today that no one is discussing the solution of putting a huge data set on Ethereum or its own first-tier blockchain, which involves using both licensed private blockchain and public unlicensed blockchain. It further explains that people force themselves to fall into the thinking that you must fully obtain the license or you must completely open up the hybrid blockchain, and you have your own private blockchain. You can control it and configure it. You can make it run as fast as possible because you have a limit. For example, you may want to register a new version of artificial intelligence on the public chain. The beauty of this hybrid model is that you can choose when you need the non-tampering of the public chain and when you only need to manage the infrastructure yourself. He also stressed that as long as you fully store references in the public blockchain, you can always ensure that these data have not been tampered with, because if tampered, the hash value will not match anything. Everything to be audited can be put on the public blockchain because it is tamper-proof, so whenever I modify artificial intelligence or use a new data set, I will send it to the public blockchain once. One of the big problems of today's artificial intelligence is that people don't know when it will go wrong, but the blockchain provides a way to rewind it, because the blockchain is highly serialized and time stamped, so if the artificial intelligence model starts to show signs of hallucination or inherent deviation, you just need to roll back the artificial intelligence system. Until the latest iteration without these problems, the source of the problem data can be diagnosed. It is pointed out on its website, but others don't believe that blockchain can solve the black box problem of artificial intelligence. Associate professor at the University of Michigan at dearborn and director of the dearborn Artificial Intelligence Research Center told me that it is misleading to describe the transparency of blockchain as the antidote to the black box problem of artificial intelligence, which will not make the inherent internal work of machine learning model easier to understand and will not clearly know the characteristics. Determine how the output can be traced back to the original training data. It is considered that what is really proposed is a version control system, although it has some good functions to track the development and deployment of the model. Nevertheless, it is added that the blockchain can indirectly deal with the black box challenge by providing an audit trail that helps to ensure the data integrity, source and transparency of the data set used for training the model, but this does not make the actual decision-making process easier to explain. When machines unite against human beings and look forward to the future, people are worried about artificial general intelligence. Can blockchain help avoid the nightmare of those models overthrowing elections or even participating in wars? 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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