元宇宙的野心、专利以及绕不开的风险
作者：时元；来源：IPRdaily中文网
元宇宙到底是什么？提到它，有人会想到尼尔·斯蒂芬森的小说《雪崩》，有人会想到斯皮尔伯格的电影《头号玩家》。
2021年，Facebook创始人扎克伯格将“脸书”改名为Meta，宣布全面进军元宇宙。元宇宙的热度就此被推向高潮。如今，Meta的投资人Brad Gerstner却说：“公众对元宇宙这一概念的确切含义都感到困惑。”事实上，我们大致能说出元宇宙的起源、理论，甚至对于某些热点事件如数家珍，但它究竟能为我们带来什么？谁也没有答案。
不可否认的是，在元宇宙兴起的时间里，以沉浸式计算、WEB3.0、新型基础设施技术为基地的产业乘势而上，行业不断输出专利助力元宇宙概念更清晰，元宇宙的相关政策建设层出不穷。尽管元宇宙绕不开的知识产权战火也在同步燃烧。但我们值得相信，在未来元宇宙一定具有广阔的发展前景和潜力。
PART 01 元宇宙的野心藏在多元化应用里
尽管元宇宙的发展目前还处于初级阶段，但在科技兴国、实干兴邦的创新大潮中，元宇宙在工业生产、医疗健康、金融银行、文娱教育等不同产业领域内也有许多积极的落地场景。
1.1工业元宇宙
事实上，国内外许多企业都曾积极地尝试利用元宇宙技术来降本增效。美的集团充分利用仿真系统和数字孪生技术，搭建一比一还原的虚拟数字工厂。通过这一系统，他们能够在虚拟环境中模拟生产过程，从而大幅提升新产品试产效率，同时缩短产品的上市周期。微软公司则成立了“工业元宇宙核心团队”，为工业机器人等应用提供动力工业控制系统，微软这一举动为工业元宇宙注入了新的科技活力。此外，宝马也积极运用虚拟协作平台Omniverse规划虚拟工厂建设，为企业带来更大的经济效益。
1.2健康元宇宙
当“养生”成为了茶余饭后的聊天话题，元宇宙解码了健康医疗的无限可能。阿联酋国家医疗服务体系开创了健康元宇宙的新篇章，建立了世界上第一个元宇宙医疗保健平台。还有AR穿透性光学器件可以将患者脊柱的3D图片投影至外科医生的视网膜上辅助手术。而在国内，华山医院的神经外科元宇宙混合现实医疗解决方案走在应用前列。2022年1月，国内第一台“元宇宙”高难度锁孔颅底外科手在国家神经疾病医学中心成功实施，标志着华山医院神经外科元宇宙技术正式起航。
1.3金融元宇宙
在金融领域，元宇宙技术正成为推动创新和提升用户体验的重要工具。首先以NFT的方式交易数字资产丰富了金融元宇宙的运行。农业银行、邮储银行、光大银行、华夏银行、北京银行、西安银行等金融机构纷纷入局了NFT数字藏品。其次，金融机构推出数字虚拟人优化服务和展业流程，利用元宇宙技术提升用户体验。美国、韩国、法国等国外金融机构在虚拟空间中为客户提供服务，国内百信银行也推出虚拟数字员工AIYA艾雅，与用户进行沉浸式的交流互动。
图源：百信银行官网
1.4文娱教育元宇宙
对广大受众来说，《头号玩家》是认识元宇宙的开端。元宇宙在文娱教育中的应用尤其多。既有运用XR融合互动技术可沉浸式观赏元宇宙万千奇峰的张家界星球，也有再现中国大运河前世今生的中国大运河沉浸式博物馆。既有上海开放大学构建的线上线下全场景融合的智慧学习中心元宇宙，又有华东师范大学与上海杉达学院联合开发的国际中文教育元宇宙。除此之外，日本、美国一些院校可通过头戴式VR设备在虚拟校园中远程上课。
从元宇宙的概念大热到场景应用的尝试落地，元宇宙给产业创新发展提供了无限想象的空间。那么，到底是什么元宇宙技术在支撑场景的落地呢？
PART 02 入局元宇宙，多维技术在背后支撑专利创新
据《2023年中国元宇宙产业研究报告》显示，截至2023年7月，全国元宇宙企业授权专利总量共23851件，包括发明专利16003件，实用新型专利6259件、外观设计专利1589件。
元宇宙作为多种技术集大成的产物，在专利类型中也存在多个分支。在国家知识产权局最新发布的《关键数字技术专利分类体系（2023）》中，将元宇宙技术分为三个一级技术分支，下设13个二级技术分支，45个三级技术分支，79个四级技术分支，54个五级技术分支，共计194个。
元宇宙专利技术分支众多且精细，为了能够更简洁的理解，可以大致分为两个层面：软件层面、硬件层面。
2.1 软件层面
在元宇宙，算力、算法、通信等软件层面的技术，可以为用户接入元宇宙提供技术保证。目前区块链技术、云计算技术在元宇宙环境中的专利占比最大。
在不同的产业领域内，企业会申请适用于自身场景的元宇宙技术专利。如中国银行股份有限公司申请“元宇宙环境下的移动支付方法及装置”专利，中国联合网络通信集团有限公司申请的“基于元宇宙网络的征信查询方法、节点、系统”专利，华为在元宇宙上也有自己深层次的布局，在视频播放方式和图像处理领域拥有多项专利。
除此之外，科研高校也是申请元宇宙专利的重要来源之一。全国共有86所高校布局元宇宙相关专利，比如北京交通大学申请的“面向元宇宙的基于隐私保护的移动边缘计算方法”，哈尔滨工业大学申请的“面向Unity应用的分布式渲染微服务化工具链及运行中间件”等等。
2.2硬件层面
从虚拟走向真实，从概念走向现实。只有沉浸式体验，才能对元宇宙有切身的理解，而AR&VR&MR技术就是体验元宇宙的基石。
在IPRDaily发布的2020年~2021年VR/AR全球发明专利排行榜TOP100中，互联网企业、高校科研院所、高新科技企业形成三大阵营。其中，三星、腾讯、百度、索尼、OPPO等位列榜中。
2021年之后，关于AR&VR&MR的专利申请热度不减。如京东方科技集团股份有限公司最新获得“AR/VR隐形眼镜及其制作方法和电子设备”专利授权。北京小米移动软件有限公司公开了名为“虚拟现实环境下的移动支付方法及装置”的专利授权，以及太原理工大学公布的“面向元宇宙的‘人机-XR-云’设备运维规划方法”等等。
值得一提的是，关于元宇宙专利池的建议也已提上日程。IPwe元宇宙专利池——传感器创新中心于2022年1月启动，致力于推动元宇宙领域的技术采用和创新，同时保护元宇宙生态系统的中小企业和其他参与者。截至2022年3月，超过1200件相关专利已入池，并持续增加。2023年国内首个元宇宙产业专利池启动。专利池由北京IP联合百度牵头，首批签约瑞莱智慧、如你所视、外号科技、凌宇智控等4家创始企业成员，首批入池专利达170余项，其中53件专利率先落地开放。
PART 03 元宇宙发展绕不开的知识产权风险
作为时下最热门的议题之一，元宇宙带来的不只是无限的商机，还有不同的知识产权问题在元宇宙世界上演。
自Facebook更名为Meta布局元宇宙后，专利纠纷就络绎不绝。先有Meta的触觉手套遭到HaptX的抨击，认为其手套 “似乎与自身的专利技术实质上相同”。后有触觉技术开发公司Immersion对Meta提起诉讼，指控Meta通过侵犯其专利的方式打造了业界领先的虚拟现实头戴设备。
NFT作为与元宇宙相伴而生的特定虚拟物品，关于其版权问题也受到诸多讨论。
2021年，数字藏品艺术家Mason Rothschild创作了100个“MetaBirkins（元铂金包）”NFT作品在迈阿密巴塞尔艺术展上公开并在Twitter等社交平台上售卖。爱马仕集团认为此举造成了对爱马仕商标的侵权以及品牌稀释将其告上法庭，最终判决艺术家向爱马仕集团支付13.3万美元的赔偿。
2022年5月，元宇宙一词正式出现在判决书中，国内所谓的“元宇宙侵权第一案”正式宣判。奇策公司手握备受欢迎的IP“我不是胖虎”，在某科技公司经营的元宇宙平台上发现有用户发售相关NFT，故将某科技公司诉至法院。杭州互联网法院当庭宣判被告立即删除涉案平台上发布的“胖虎打疫苗”NFT作品 ，同时赔偿奇策公司经济损失及合理费用合计4000元。
元宇宙概念被越炒越热，数字化作品侵权问题也成为了热议的焦点。
Roblox是一个虚拟世界和用户生成内容的在线平台，其元宇宙概念在2021年一炮而红。但同年6月，美国国家音乐出版商协会对Roblox提出数字化作品侵权诉讼。多家音乐出版商称Roblox在游戏中使用的音乐没有获得授权，版权方向Roblox要求2亿多美元的赔偿。最后，双方达成和解解决了这场分歧。
事实上，在商业进军元宇宙之际，元宇宙专利的运用与保护、元宇宙领域内商标、版权的运营与保护、元宇宙中数字版权、穿戴设备的知识产权布局与诉讼维权等等问题成为了知识产权行业内热议的话题。直截了当的说，元宇宙的运行需要知识产权为这一切遮风挡雨。
面对如此形形色色的知识产权问题，服务机构也在顺应变化积极求解。中国版权保护中心举办“元宇宙版权保护线上研讨会”，武汉市创建了湖北省首个元宇宙数字产业知识产权服务中心。元宇宙数字产业知识产权服务中心相关负责人坦言道，未来将在探索中为企业做好知识产权的创造、运用保护、管理服务等各环节工作。
PART 04 元宇宙时代下的知识产权值得展望
从2021年走到2023年，元宇宙似乎已经来到了分叉路口。一面是多地出台元宇宙支持政策和专项规划，工业和信息化部等五部门印发《元宇宙产业创新发展三年行动计划(2023-2025年)》，从技术创新、产业应用，知产保护等多角度支持元宇宙发展。一面是市场遇冷，企业退出元宇宙赛道，如近期传闻字节旗下PICO计划裁员，或将放弃元宇宙。
关于元宇宙的未来，中纪委网站发布文章称理性看待元宇宙，不低估5—10年的机会，也不高估1-2年的演进变化[4]。而对于元宇宙中知识产权的未来，不同的人有不同的说法。
有人认为，虚实交织的元宇宙会带来用户生成内容的知识产权归属与保护问题、 现实世界的街道和建筑的数字孪生侵权风险、现实世界作品使用和改编的侵权风险、可能由现实世界延展到虚拟世界的商标保护、元宇宙内容跨境利用面临的许可和授权，知识产权人难以对元宇宙侵权行为进行维权等一系列问题。
有人认为，元宇宙的去中心化全球运行，也为作品的著作权归属、全球跨国许可或转让、著作权侵权救济带来一定的挑战，但通过对著作权的基本原理、《伯尔尼公约》等规则的适当解释以及技术解决方案，仍然可以妥当解决这些新型问题，尚不至于说元宇宙会颠覆传统著作权法。
有人认为，元宇宙是一个跨界的虚拟世界，涉及多个国家和地区，知识产权的保护和监管需要各方共同努力其次是技术创新与法律规制之间的冲突。元宇宙中的技术创新迅猛，而传统的知识产权法律框架可能无法完全适应元宇宙的需求，需要进行相应的法律和政策创新。
总的来说，不论大家有何种的说法，但对于元宇宙中的知识产权始终抱有乐观的态度。元宇宙真正到来或许还要几十年的时间，但我们清楚的知道知识产权会在其中给以支撑，随之变革，我们期待在元宇宙发展过程中，能够有知识产权的保护来实现虚实融合的新世界。
When the author mentions it, some people will think of Neil Stephenson's novel Avalanche. Some people will think of Spielberg's film No.1 Player of the Year, and Zuckerberg, the founder of the film, renamed Facebook to announce the full-scale entry into the meta-universe, and the popularity of the meta-universe was pushed to a climax. Nowadays, investors say that the public is confused about the exact meaning of the concept of the meta-universe. In fact, we can roughly tell the origin theory of the meta-universe and even know a lot about some hot events, but it No one has an answer to what it can bring us. It is undeniable that in the time of the rise of the meta-universe, the industry based on the new infrastructure technology of immersive computing is taking advantage of the situation, and the industry is constantly exporting patents to help the concept of the meta-universe become clearer. Although the intellectual property war that the meta-universe can't avoid is also burning synchronously, we are worthy of believing that the meta-universe must have broad development prospects and potential in the future, and its ambition is hidden in diversified applications. The development of Guanyuan Universe is still in its infancy, but in the innovation tide of rejuvenating the country through science and technology, there are also many positive landing scenes in different industrial fields such as industrial production, medical care, health care, finance, banking, entertainment and education. In fact, many enterprises at home and abroad have actively tried to use Metauniverse technology to reduce costs and increase efficiency, and the group has made full use of simulation system and digital twinning technology to build a virtual digital factory with one-to-one reduction. Simulate the production process in the environment, thus greatly improving the trial production efficiency of new products and shortening the time to market of products. Microsoft has set up a core team of industrial metauniverse to provide power for industrial robots and other applications. This move by Microsoft has injected new scientific and technological vitality into the industrial metauniverse. In addition, BMW has also actively used the virtual collaboration platform to plan the construction of virtual factories, which will bring greater economic benefits to enterprises. Healthy metauniverse has become a topic of chat after dinner. Unlimited possibilities of health care, the UAE national medical service system has opened a new chapter in the health meta-universe, established the world's first meta-universe medical care platform, and penetrating optical devices can project the pictures of patients' spines onto the surgeons' retinas to assist surgery, while the meta-universe mixed reality medical solution for neurosurgery in Huashan Hospital in China is at the forefront of application. In June, the first meta-universe and difficult keyhole skull base surgeon in China was successfully implemented in the National Neurology Medical Center. Shi marks the official launch of meta-universe technology in neurosurgery in Huashan Hospital. In the financial field, meta-universe technology is becoming an important tool to promote innovation and enhance user experience. First, digital assets are traded in a new way, enriching the operation of financial meta-universe. Financial institutions such as Agricultural Bank, Postal Savings Bank, China Everbright Bank, Huaxia Bank, Beijing Bank and Xi 'an Bank have entered the digital collection one after another. Secondly, financial institutions have launched digital virtual human optimization services and exhibition processes to enhance user experience by using meta-universe technology. The United States, South Korea, France and other foreign financial institutions provide services to customers in the virtual space. baixin bank has also launched a virtual digital employee, Ai Ya, to communicate and interact with users in an immersive way. Source: baixin bank, official website, entertainment and education, Meta-Universe. For the vast audience, the number one player is to know the beginning of Meta-Universe, and the application of Meta-Universe in entertainment and education is particularly numerous, including Zhangjiajie Planet, which can enjoy the myriad peaks of Meta-Universe in an immersive way by using fusion and interactive technology, and China, which reproduces the Grand Canal of China. The Grand Canal Immersion Museum has both the online and offline intelligent learning center Metauniverse built by Shanghai Open University and the international Chinese education Metauniverse jointly developed by East China Normal University and Shanghai Sanda University. In addition, some institutions in Japan and the United States can take remote classes on virtual campuses through head-mounted devices, from the concept of Metauniverse to the attempt of scene application. The Metauniverse provides unlimited imagination space for industrial innovation and development. So what is the metauniverse technology supporting? Supporting the landing of the scene? The multi-dimensional technology of the meta-universe supports patent innovation behind it. According to the research report of the meta-universe industry in China in, the total number of patents authorized by the meta-universe enterprises in China as of, includes invention patents, utility model patents, design patents, and meta-universe, as the product of a variety of technologies, also has many branches in the patent types. In the latest patent classification system of key digital technologies issued by China National Intellectual Property Administration, meta-universe technology is divided into three first-level technical branches. Set up a secondary technical branch, a tertiary technical branch, a four-level technical branch and a five-level technical branch. There are many and fine patent technical branches in the meta-universe. In order to understand it more concisely, it can be roughly divided into two levels: the software level, the hardware level, and the software level technologies such as the meta-universe computing algorithm communication can provide technical guarantee for users to access the meta-universe. At present, blockchain technology and cloud computing technology account for the largest proportion of patents in the meta-universe environment, and enterprises will apply in different industrial fields. For example, China Bank Co., Ltd. applied for the patent of mobile payment method and device in the meta-universe environment, and China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd. applied for the patent of credit inquiry method node system based on the meta-universe network. Huawei also has its own deep layout in the meta-universe, and has many patents in the fields of video playback mode and image processing. In addition, scientific research universities are also one of the important sources of applying for the meta-universe patent. The related patents of the school layout meta-universe, such as the meta-universe-oriented mobile edge computing method based on privacy protection applied by Beijing Jiaotong University, and the application-oriented distributed rendering micro-service tool chain and running middleware applied by Harbin Institute of Technology, are moving from virtual to real, from concept to reality. Only immersive experience can have a personal understanding of the meta-universe, and technology is the cornerstone of experiencing the meta-universe. In the annual global invention patent list released by Harbin Institute of Technology, Internet companies and universities are in charge of. High-tech enterprises in the research institute have formed three camps, among which Samsung, Tencent, Baidu, Sony, etc. rank in the list. After middle age, the popularity of patent application has not diminished. For example, BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd. has recently obtained the patent authorization for contact lenses and their manufacturing methods and electronic equipment. Beijing Xiaomi Mobile Software Co., Ltd. has disclosed the patent authorization for mobile payment methods and devices in virtual reality environment, and Taiyuan University of Technology has announced the operation and maintenance planning method for human-machine cloud devices facing the meta-universe. It is worth mentioning that the proposal for the meta-universe patent pool sensor innovation center has also 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台
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