后坎昆升级时代冉冉升起的新叙事——DA War

币圈资讯 阅读:36 2024-04-22 10:57:07 评论:0
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作者:NingNing,Web3Caff 研究员 来源:X,@0xNing0x

今年上半年以太坊完成坎昆升级之后,以太坊将完成从单体区块链向模块化区块链过度的原型(ProtoType)阶段。

坎昆升级之后的以太坊,在一定程度上可以看做,是由作为L1的以太坊主网+基于以太坊的L2(Arbitrum、Optimism、ZkSync、Starknet、Scroll、Taiko、Metis等等)共同组成的模块化公链系统。

从追求以太坊完全等效性的Optimism的Slogan“Ethereum, scaled”上,我们可以看出这一深刻变化的端倪。

坎昆升级之后的以太坊堆栈,将显性地划分为共识层、数据可用性层、结算层和执行层。其中的执行层功能,将部分(Danksharding可能会全部)外包给基于以太坊的L2,数据可用层保障L2的可重建性,结算层保证L2的资产安全,共识层负责最终确定性。

以太坊

DA(Data Availability,数据可用性),指的是L2的包含Transaction在内的状态数据Rollup到L1,在经过验证和共识之后存储在L1主网,为Op-Rollup L2 提供欺诈证明和ZK-Rollup提供ZKP验证支持。

现在L2的状态数据,以CallData的形式存储在以太坊主网区块中。在坎昆升级之后,L2的状态数据将存储在新增的Blob空间。

以太坊

目前L2的验证和清算消耗的Gas费,占以太坊主网Gas消耗的10~20%。其中支付给以太坊主网的DA服务费用,占到L2Gas费消耗的95%。

在专注提供DA服务的模块化公链Celestia主网上线之前,以太坊主网垄断着100%的DA市场。

Celestia引入了DAS(数据可用性采样)和NMT(命名空间 Merkle 树),增强共识安全和可扩展性。DAS技术,支持Celestia网络轻节点参与数据可用性的验证环节。而NMT(命名空间 Merkle 树)减轻了Celestia的共识负载。

Celestia主网上线伊始,以廉价、安全、高去信任性的特性,开始与以太坊主网在DA市场展开正面竞争,隐私L2 Manta、去中心化期权协议Lyra的Dapp Chain、与Celestia的众多生态伙伴如Dymension等,一道投入Celestia的怀抱。

Celestia的做法,让以太坊社区和Vitalik十分不爽,最终导致L2Beat将基于Celestia DA的L2剔除了L2列表。

这倒不是完全因为Celestia的竞争损害以太坊主网的价值捕获能力,而更多是因为其行为损害了以太坊与L2之间的耦合性、等效性与互操作性。

但眼馋DA市场的不止Celestia,发明Restaking新原语的EigenLayer也急需要一个AVS(主动验证服务)实例为平台$10亿TVL寻找真实场景。

面对DA服务这片蓝海市场的诱惑,EigenLayer毫不犹豫地选择推出EigenDA作为首个AVS实例。

只不过EigenDA的架构与Celestia不同,更多的是使用KZG承诺等ZK技术验证L2提交的状态数据+由Restaking ETH保障共识安全的EigenDA网络负责最终确定性,最后L2的状态数据还是要提交和保存到以太坊主网。

EigenDA相当于以太坊主网的DA服务中验证和最终确定性环节的分包商,而不是Celestia那样的竞争对手。

在以太坊、Celestia和EigenDA之外,DA市场还有一个被大家忽视的玩家:Covalent。

我们知道,坎昆升级之后,以太坊主网只保存L2提交的状态数据1个月时间,之后会丢弃。Celestia为保持网络的去中心化程度和DAS轻节点机制的成立,也会定期丢弃L2提交的状态数据。

作为币安、Coinbase、CoinGecko等等巨头背书的专业链上数据平台,Covalent在去年底推出长期DA服务 EWM(以太坊时光穿梭机),永久保存以太坊丢弃的L2提交的状态数据。

而且Covalent会将这些数据索引和结构化,整合入其平台的链上数据API服务,为专业区块链数据网站、政府监管部门、人工智能研究团队提供服务和支持。

以太坊

上图是Cavalent团队制作的模块化堆栈图,L2项目Arbitrum、Optimism、Scroll等负责写入状态数据,以太坊负责资产托管和结算,共识层有以太坊和Celestia竞争,而DA层则是以太坊、Celestia和EigenLayer的三国杀,Covalent则负责L2状态数据的读取。

私以为,坎昆升级后模块化公链将成为公链主流范式,而DA层将成为模块化堆栈中竞争最激烈的领域,DA War将如火如荼地上演。而模块化堆栈中的诸协议,将成为24年的一大投资主线。


Author's researcher's source: After the completion of the upgrade in Cancun in the first half of this year, Ethereum will complete the prototype stage of transition from monomer blockchain to modular blockchain. To a certain extent, Ethereum after the upgrade in Cancun can be regarded as a modular public chain system composed of the main network of Ethereum based on Ethereum, etc. From the pursuit of complete equivalence of Ethereum, we can see that the Ethereum stack after the upgrade in Cancun will be clearly divided into consensus layers. According to the availability layer, the settlement layer and the execution layer, some of the functions of the execution layer may be completely outsourced to the reconstruction based on the data availability layer of Ethereum, and the asset security consensus layer guaranteed by the settlement layer is responsible for the final certainty. Ethereum data availability refers to the state data included in it and stored in the main network after verification and consensus to provide fraud proof and verification support. The current state data is stored in the main network block of Ethereum in a new form after Cancun upgrade. The state data will be stored in the newly added space. At present, the cost of verification and liquidation accounts for the main network of Ethereum, among which the service fee paid to the main network of Ethereum accounts for the cost. Before the modular public chain main network dedicated to providing services went online, the market monopolized by Ethereum introduced data availability sampling and namespace tree to enhance consensus security and scalability. The technology supports the network light nodes to participate in the verification of data availability, and the namespace tree reduces the consensus load of the main network. At the beginning of the launch, it began to compete with the main network of Ethereum in the market with the characteristics of cheap, safe and high distrust. The practice of decentralizing the privacy of the option agreement with many ecological partners made the community of Ethereum very unhappy, which eventually led to the deletion of the list based on. This is not entirely because the competition damaged the value capture ability of the main network of Ethereum, but more because its behavior damaged the coupling, equivalence and interoperability between Ethereum and the market, but it was not greedy. There is an urgent need for an active verification service instance to find a real scene for the platform billion. Facing the temptation of serving this blue ocean market, I don't hesitate to choose to launch the first instance, but the architecture is different. More importantly, I use technologies such as commitment to verify the submitted status data. Is the network that guarantees consensus security responsible for the final certainty? Should the final status data be submitted and saved to the Ethernet main network, which is equivalent to the subcontracting of the verification and final certainty link? We know that after Cancun's upgrade, the main network of Ethereum will only save the submitted status data, and it will be discarded after months. In order to maintain the decentralization of the network and the establishment of the light node mechanism, the submitted status data will also be discarded regularly as a professional data platform endorsed by giants such as Currency Security. At the end of last year, a long-term service Ethereum time shuttle was launched to permanently save the submitted status of Ethereum. State data will be indexed and structured and integrated into the on-chain data service of its platform to provide services and support for the professional blockchain data website, the artificial intelligence research team of the government supervision department. The picture above the Ethereum is a modular stack diagram project made by the team, which is responsible for writing state data. Ethereum is responsible for asset custody and settlement. The consensus layer has Ethereum and competition, while the layer is Ethereum and Three Kingdoms Kill, which is responsible for reading state data. The mainstream paradigm and layer will become the most competitive field in the modular stack, and the protocols in the modular stack will become a major investment line in 2008. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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