以“美”为鉴 探寻香港比特币现货ETF的未来发展

币圈资讯 阅读:32 2024-04-22 10:10:48 评论:0
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1月29日,嘉实国际成为了首家向香港证监会提交比特币现货ETF申请的机构。早在去年12月22日,香港证监会发布了《有关证监会认可基金投资虚拟资产的通函》,明确表示其准备接受虚拟资产现货ETF的认可申请。

在太平洋对岸的美国,比特币现货ETF被批准上市后的发展情况对香港来说具有很好的借鉴意义。然而,由于灰度持续抛售比特币,使得美国的比特币现货ETF在上市19天后并未给市场带来惊艳表现。此时,香港金融公司进军比特币现货ETF,是否还存在意义?

选择中环还是华尔街,多种申赎方式或成最大优势

对比两地,香港在虚拟资产ETF的一些规则上是优于美国的。根据香港证监会发布的《有关证监会认可基金投资虚拟资产的通函》,比特币现货ETF是可以实现以实物和现金两种方式进行认购和赎回(后文称“申赎”)。

尽管美国各家申请方在早期的申请书里写道,“申赎方式是允许实物和现金两种方式申赎的”,但基于对风险的考量,最终各家将申请书修改成使用风险更小的“现金”申赎方式。相较于美国比特币现货ETF仅限于“现金”申赎的方式,根据香港证监会目前披露的通函内容,预计现金和实物多种申赎方式将成为香港未来比特币现货ETF市场的主要优势。

由于比特币虚拟资产的特殊性,增加实物申赎方式在比特币资产的兑换、托管和转移等方面带来更多挑战。以认购为例,在确保符当地的合规性要求前提下,参与交易商应先将虚拟资产转移至证监会认可和许可的托管账户,包括虚拟资产交易平台(VATP)或认可机构(或其子公司),这主要是为了防止不法分子通过实物申赎的方式进行比特币的转换和清洗等。

实物申购赎回涉及到链上资产的转移,这要求金融机构和监管机构也需要采取一种不同于传统市场的合规方式——链上合规。链上合规与传统的链下合规有一些相似之处,都包括KYC(了解你的客户)、AML(反洗钱)和跨境合规等方面的内容。为了实现这些合规要求,通常需要借助合规科技工具,这些工具主要用于执行链上地址的资产风险确认和持续监控资产流动是否存在可疑交易。

基于区块链技术的特殊性,链上地址上的交易虽然不可篡改、清晰透明且公众可查,但其匿名性则让很多机构在进行合规时感到望而却步。为了应对这种匿名性,其中一种可行的解决方案是将地址与已标记为制裁、洗钱、钓鱼等高风险地址进行比对,以确定链上地址是否涉及过高风险交易行为。正因如此,拥有丰富而全面的地址标签库成为金融机构和监管机构选择合规科技工具的重要标准之一。

在持续监控资产流动方面,金融机构在挑选合规科技工具时,除了挑选拥有数据量庞大且标签维度丰富全面的地址标签库的合规科技工具外,还需要考量合规科技在风险持续监测中的响应速度。一旦合规科技工具筛查出可疑交易,例如OKLink就可以在毫秒级别内进行风险监测,并快速进行后续的操作:判断风险等级以及根据该等级进行风控措施,如冻结账户或者拒绝交易

图 以OKLink Onchain AML为例,比特币现货ETF从发行到交易合规科技助力简易图
注:此为粗略流程图;在合规科技的要求上,「中介人」(Intermediaries)均需合规科技加持是一种更为严谨的做法。

实物申赎的方式下,托管机构需何资质? 

现在香港已批准期货型比特币ETF,目前有南方东英比特币期货和三星比特币期货两只上市产品,其资产规模相对较小,每只基金AUM均不到1亿美元。这两只基金的受托人均为汇丰机构信托服务(亚洲)有限公司。值得一提的是,汇丰是香港首家允许客户买卖港交所上市虚拟资产ETF的银行,并且于去年年中就随之上线了虚拟资产投资者教育中心。

与期货ETF的托管要求只涉及现金有所不同,现货ETF的托管难点是托管机构需要负责比特币托管。目前,根据SFC的《有关证监会认可基金投资虚拟资产的通函》,SFC授权的虚拟资产基金的受托人/托管人只能将虚拟资产托管职能委托给持有SFC牌照的虚拟资产服务提供商(VATP)或符合HKMA发布的虚拟资产托管标准的金融机构或本地子公司。

图 《有关证监会认可基金投资虚拟资产的通函》节选

也就是说,以目前香港金融机构和虚拟资产服务提供商(VASP)的发展情况来看,金融机构和持牌VATP将会分别负责法币和虚拟资产的托管,两者之间的相互配合也将成为比特币现货ETF的成功关键。

美国亦如此,目前通过的11只ETF中有8只ETF选择Coinbase作为其虚拟资产的托管机构。以目前AUM规模排名前二的灰度和贝莱德为例, 双方均选择Coinbase和纽约梅隆银行分别作为虚拟资产托管机构和现金托管机构,采用了虚拟资产和法币分开双机构托管的形式。

图 灰度GBTC基本信息

在VATP方面,目前香港有多家公司正在积极申请相关牌照。这预示着未来将有多个VATP供基金公司选择,从而避免了类似于美国多家比特币ETF只选择一家托管机构的“单点”风险。 

灰度仅是个例,香港不会重蹈覆辙

自美国批准比特币现货ETF以后,人们最关注的话题之一是灰度连续巨额抛售。然而,目前香港市场并没有像灰度那样规模庞大的比特币信托,因此即使香港市场的比特币信托转为ETF并并开始有赎回操作,也不太可能出现如此大规模的抛售情况。

不过,就算灰度持续抛售,美国整体的比特币现货ETF流进流出截至今日上午9点(UTC+8),还是呈现一个净流入的状态,欧科云链研究院统计约为6.05亿美元。具体来看,只有灰度一家是在持续流出的,而其他家基金均呈现流入的状态。

灰度连续抛售的原因主要有两点:一是对比其他基金公司,灰度有着最高的管理费,也就是说投资者买入100万美元的IBIT和同样规模的GBTC,管理成本就要节约了1.38万美元;二是灰度与其他新发行的比特币现货ETF不同,它是通过将信托转换成ETF的方式运作的。这使得之前以折价购买GBTC的投资者可以利用折价和比特币价格上涨的机会进行套利抛售,无需进行赎回和再购买的操作。

根据欧科云链研究院观察以及OKLink链上数据证明,灰度早在两周前就开始了以几乎每个工作日一次的频率将链上资产转移到Coinbase Prime热钱包地址。且自2024年1月23日起,灰度在连续7天的流出趋势也在逐步减弱。

比特币现货ETF的推出实现了传统金融市场与虚拟资产市场之间的紧密连接,标志着结构化金融市场向虚拟资产领域敞开了大门。根据Technavio的预估,从2023年到2028年,全球结构化金融市场(注1)预计将增长约9976.8亿美元,年均增长率为11.8%。

随着合规开展和市场成熟度的不断提升,比特币现货ETF的推出将意味着将比特币通过现货ETF的形式进行金融产品标准化。

现货ETF为广大投资者提供了更便捷和规范化的投资方式。不仅如此,标准化产品可以提升市场的有效运作并更有效地进行风险管理和投资者保护。我们在2023年年初提出的合规助理大规模采用,正在以百花齐放的姿态向我们走来。

注1:全球结构化金融市场涵盖了多种复杂的金融工具,这些工具以由底层资产池支持为特征。一些常见的结构化金融产品包括:证券化产品(Securitization)、衍生品(Derivatives)、债务工具(Debt Instruments)、衍生结构化产品(Structured Derivatives)、金融工程产品(Financial Engineering Products)等,这里比特币ETF作为证券化产品的一种,属于结构化金融市场。


Harvest International became the first institution to submit an application for bitcoin spot to the Hong Kong Securities Regulatory Commission. As early as last year, the Hong Kong Securities Regulatory Commission issued a circular on the investment of virtual assets by the fund approved by the CSRC, clearly indicating that it was prepared to accept the application for the approval of virtual assets spot. The development of the US bitcoin spot on the other side of the Pacific Ocean after it was approved for listing has a good reference for Hong Kong. However, due to the continuous selling of bitcoin in gray scale, the US bitcoin spot was not given after listing. The market brings amazing performance. At this time, does it still make sense for Hong Kong financial companies to enter the bitcoin spot? Choose Central or Wall Street to apply for a variety of redemption methods or make the greatest advantage. Comparing the two places, Hong Kong is superior to the United States in some rules of virtual assets. According to the circular issued by the Hong Kong Securities Regulatory Commission on the investment of virtual assets by funds recognized by the CSRC, bitcoin spot can be subscribed and redeemed in both physical and cash. After that, it is said that redemption can be applied for, although various applicants in the United States in the early application form. It is written that both physical and cash methods are allowed to apply for redemption, but based on the consideration of risks, each family finally revised the application form into a cash redemption method with less risk. Compared with the way that the US bitcoin spot is limited to cash redemption, according to the contents of the circular currently disclosed by the Hong Kong Securities Regulatory Commission, it is expected that cash and physical redemption methods will become the main advantages of Hong Kong's future bitcoin spot market. Due to the particularity of bitcoin virtual assets, the exchange of physical redemption methods in bitcoin assets will increase. Exchange of custody and transfer bring more challenges. Take subscription as an example. Under the premise of ensuring compliance with local compliance requirements, participating traders should first transfer virtual assets to custody accounts approved and licensed by the CSRC, including virtual asset trading platforms or authorized institutions or their subsidiaries. This is mainly to prevent criminals from converting and cleaning bitcoin through physical redemption, which involves the transfer of assets on the chain. This requires financial institutions and regulatory agencies to also adopt a Different from the traditional market, there are some similarities between on-chain compliance and traditional off-chain compliance, including understanding your customers' anti-money laundering and cross-border compliance. In order to achieve these compliance requirements, it is usually necessary to use compliance technology tools, which are mainly used to confirm the asset risk of the address on the chain and continuously monitor whether there are suspicious transactions in the asset flow. Although the transactions on the address on the chain can not be tampered with, they are clear and transparent and accessible to the public. However, due to its anonymity, many institutions are discouraged in compliance. In order to cope with this anonymity, one feasible solution is to compare the address with high-risk addresses marked as sanctions against money laundering and fishing to determine whether the address on the chain involves high-risk transactions. Because of this, having a rich and comprehensive address tag library has become one of the important criteria for financial institutions and regulators to choose compliance technology tools. In the aspect of continuously monitoring asset flows, financial institutions are choosing compliance. When selecting technology tools, we need to consider the response speed of compliance technology in continuous risk monitoring in addition to selecting compliance technology tools with a large amount of data and a comprehensive address tag library with rich tag dimensions. Once the compliance technology tools screen out suspicious transactions, for example, we can conduct risk monitoring within millisecond level and quickly carry out subsequent operations to judge the risk level, and take risk control measures according to this level, such as freezing accounts or rejecting transactions, for example, bitcoin spot from issuance to transaction compliance department. Technical assistance is simple and illustrated. This is a rough flow chart. It is a more rigorous practice for intermediaries to meet the requirements of compliance technology. What qualifications do custodians need under the way of physical redemption? Now Hong Kong has approved futures bitcoin. At present, there are two listed products, Southern Dongying Bitcoin Futures and Samsung Bitcoin Futures, and their assets are relatively small, each of which is less than 100 million US dollars. The trustees of these two funds are all trust services for HSBC institutions. It is worth mentioning that HSBC is Asia Limited. It is the first bank in Hong Kong that allows customers to buy and sell virtual assets listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and it was launched in the middle of last year. The requirements for the custody of virtual assets investors' education center and futures are different only in cash. The difficulty in spot custody is that the custodian institution needs to be responsible for bitcoin custody, and the trustee of the virtual assets fund authorized by the circular on investment in virtual assets approved by the CSRC can only entrust the virtual assets custody function to the licensed virtual assets service. Business or financial institutions or local subsidiaries that meet the published standards for virtual assets custody are excerpted from the circular on the investment in virtual assets by funds approved by the CSRC. That is to say, judging from the current development of financial institutions and virtual assets service providers in Hong Kong, the mutual cooperation between financial institutions and licensees will be the key to the success of bitcoin spot, and so will the United States. Take Gray Scale and BlackRock, which are the top two in terms of scale, as examples. Both parties have chosen Bank of New York Mellon as the virtual asset custodian and cash custodian respectively, and adopted the form of separate custody of virtual assets and legal tender. Basic information of Gray Scale: At present, many companies in Hong Kong are actively applying for relevant licenses, which indicates that there will be many fund companies to choose from in the future, thus avoiding the single-point risk of choosing only one custodian similar to many American bitcoins. Gray Scale is just an example. Hong Kong won't repeat the same mistakes. Since the US approved the bitcoin spot, one of the topics that people are most concerned about is the continuous huge selling of gray scale. However, there is no bitcoin trust as large as gray scale in the Hong Kong market at present. Therefore, even if the bitcoin trust in the Hong Kong market turns and starts to be redeemed, it is unlikely that such a large-scale selling situation will occur. However, even if the gray scale continues to sell, the overall bitcoin spot in the United States will flow in and out, and there is still a net inflow as of Ou Ke this morning. According to the statistics of Cloud Chain Research Institute, it is about US$ 100 million. Specifically, only one gray scale is continuously flowing out, while other funds are flowing in. There are two main reasons for the continuous gray scale selling. First, compared with other fund companies, the gray scale has the highest management fee, which means that investors who buy US$ 10,000 and have the same scale will save US$ 10,000. Second, the gray scale is different from other newly issued bitcoins. It operates by converting the trust into cash, which enables investors who bought at a discount before to arbitrage and sell at a higher price without redemption and repurchase. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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