THUBA研报|render去中心化算力——兼谈depin赛道

币圈资讯 阅读:39 2024-04-22 09:52:11 评论:0
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Render简介

  • Render Network是一个去中心化的渲染平台,它将需要GPU计算能力的人与拥有多余计算能力的提供商连接起来,主要用于人工智能、虚拟现实以及媒体和内容创建。于 2020 年 4 月正式公开推出。

  • Render Network的定价模型是动态且具有竞争力的,会考虑到工作的复杂性、紧迫性和可用资源。

  • Render Network通过 RNDR 代币的点对点网络在可用的 GPU 提供者之间分配工作负载,激励节点提供多余的计算能力。

  • 2023年12月,Render完成了从以太坊到Solana的迁移,为其带来了新的能力,比如实时流和动态 NFT,以及状态压缩。

DePIN概念简介

DePIN(Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks),去中心化物理基础设施。Messari的研报中将DePIN 分为两个主要领域:数字资源网络和物理资源网络。数字资源网络包括存储、计算和带宽,而物理资源网络侧重于与硬件相关的领域,如无线网络、地理空间网络、移动网络和能源网络。

PoPW(Proof of Physical Work),物理工作量证明机制。激励个体进行可验证的工作,从而促进真实世界基础设施的发展和高效利用。

按「去中心化物理基础设施」的定义,那几乎所有的分布式网络都可以被归类为 DePIN:

Filecoin,Arweave:去中心化的硬盘

以太坊:去中心化的电脑

比特币:去中心化的账本

图1 DePIN赛道mapping-1

图2 DePIN赛道mapping-2

基于同质化与否,概念可再细分:

DeREN「去中心化资源型网络」vsDePIN「去中心化基础设施网络」

DePIN:以地理位置为关键要素的网络模型,通过激励机制来部署地理位置特定的硬件设备,从而生成非同质化的资源。非可替代怎么理解?在城市各个地方都可以看到部署的移动电话基站(中国铁塔)。但同一种基站,A 基站在尖沙咀,B 基站在沙田,但由于地理位置的不同,它们并不能互相替换。在这个意义上,每个基站都是独一无二非同质化的资源。

DeREN:一个对地理位置依赖性较弱的资源型网络,其通过激励机制建立市场,并增加现有或闲置的可替代资源的供应。这些资源是由地理位置无关的硬件生成的。在云服务领域,DeRENs 类似于云的设施即服务(IaaS)。例如,使用 Avware 存储,用户体验通常与用户所在地理位置的关联性较弱,服务的同质化程度高。

DePIN行业研究

传统ICT行业现状

当前的ICT行业面临以下两个明显的困境:

1. 进入门槛高,竞争不充分,定价被巨头垄断

建设数据存储和云计算的集群需要投入大量资金用于硬件购买、场地租赁和人员雇佣,这样高昂的成本使得几乎只有巨头企业才有能力加入这个行业。例如,云计算和数据存储领域的AWS、Microsoft Azure、Google Cloud、Alibaba Cloud共同市场份额接近70%。这导致了高昂的成本。

2. 中心化基础设施的资源利用率较低

中心化基础设施资源的低利用率在当今业务运营中是一个重大挑战。这个问题在云计算环境中尤为突出,公司通常会为云服务分配大量预算。根据Flexera最近的报告(2022),出现了一个令人担忧的趋势,平均而言,公司云预算的32%被浪费,这意味着公司在云支出后,有三分之一的资源被闲置,从而造成了巨大的财务损失。

DePIN的优势

1. 从资本密集型产业转变为P2P/P2B的模式

降低企业参与门槛,打破价格垄断,使用户拥有更经济实惠的选择

2. 闲置资源再利用,提高资源利用效率

在传统经济模型中,许多资源处于闲置状态,未能发挥其潜在价值。许多用户持有许多闲置资源,无论是存储、算力还是数据,关键在于如何调动这些资源。通过激励机制,DePIN鼓励用户共享和利用他们的资源,最大化了资源的利用率。

以云为例,根据Flexera的报告,2022年企业购买云的有效使用率只有68%,意味着有32%的云资源被浪费。考虑到Gartner预计2022年云支出将达到近5000亿美元,这意味着粗略估计有1600亿美元的云支出被浪费。而这部分浪费的资源是可以通过DePIN被利用起来的。

3. 消除中间商,金钱更高效的流动

传统的美团、大众点评、滴滴等这类O2O项目中,平台收取了高额的中介费用,相当于是一个稅收楔子(Tax Wedge),社会效率没有达到最优状态。DePIN赛道上已经出现许多项目试图解决这一问题,如打车应用Drife,外卖应用devourgo,大众点评应用Ketchup Republic等。

与Solana的关系

depin协议常常需要实时响应和较低的交易费用。现在许多协议倾向于使用现有的生态系统,而不是建立自己的链。目前,许多depin的领先协议迁移到Solana。

Solana 凭借其高速区块链和诸如 0.5 秒出块时间以及直接处理验证者等特性,非常适合 DePIN / PoPW。此外,Solana 的 cNFT 为 DePIN / PoPW 的节点提供更具成本效益的授权证书,这是一种常见做法。

越来越多的 DePIN / PoPW 协议选择 Solana 作为其基础层。几乎 DePIN / PoPW 协议的所有细分领域都已成功与 Solana 集成,为最初对这些协议抱有疑虑的概念提供了证明。

DePIN市场规模

从DePIN领域目前市值排名前10的项目来看,大部分都属于Storage和Computing领域。(Ryze Labs,2023年10月)

Render详解

1、项目方简介

Render Network 由 OTOY 创立,OTOY 是一家专注于 3D 渲染技术的公司,也是世界上第一个充分利用 GPU 的商业渲染软件Octane Render的创建者,OTOY 是一家为好莱坞工作室和艺术家提供渲染解决方案的云图形公司。渲染网络的想法诞生于 2017 年,当时 OTOY 发布了一份概述网络技术细节的 白皮书。

通过Octane Render的订阅账户可以直接接入render。(也是使用Render Network算力的唯一途径)

凡是能用Octane Render实现gpu渲染的任务,都可以放到Render Network上渲染,包括电影、动画、游戏、虚拟现实场景等等。

2、代币经济学模型

Render network的架构

在当前状态下,Render Network由两个主要层组成:

1. 离链渲染网络,包括创建者、节点运营商、渲染网络和渲染应用程序层供应商。节点运营商是提供网络动力的 GPU 节点。

通过 RENDER 和智能合约处理支付的区块链层。

2. 节点运营商和创建者在由服务器核心网络基础设施仲裁的分布式网络模型中相互交互。

OctaneBench是一种专有的基准测试工具(也是当今最流行的GPU渲染基准测试),用于测量以每小时OctaneBench点数(OBh)表示的GPU渲染速度,从而确定渲染任务的定价。OctaneBench用于标准化和基准测试GPU性能,确保创作者在请求节点运营商进行工作时受到一致的性能定价。任何任务的成本都以OctaneBench为单位,并由多层定价(MTP)算法确定。

RENDER代币

  • RNDR 充当按需 GPU 渲染服务的实用代币。创作者通过 RNDR 支付渲染工作费用。他们可以访问各种具有不同速度、安全性和价格水平的 GPU 提供商。目前,定价分为三层:第 1 层(受信任的合作伙伴)、第 2 层(优先)和第 3 层(经济)。Tier 2和Tier 3已经可用,Tier 1将在未来推出。

  • 其次,作为GPU提供商的奖励机制。节点运营商可以使用闲置的 GPU 能力在渲染网络上渲染作业并赚取 RNDR 代币作为回报。他们赚取的 RNDR 代币数量取决于渲染作业的层级、持续时间和复杂性。节点运营商还可以质押他们的 RNDR 代币,以提高他们的声誉并获得更多渲染工作。

  • 第三,RNDR是协议的治理代币,允许代币持有者影响渲染网络的治理。

代币分配:

  • 40%用于开发

  • 25%用于增长

  • 20%用于运营

  • 10% 用于储备

  • 5% 用于创世

代币经济学模型

动态定价模型

渲染网络的动态定价机制确保为内容创作者提供具有竞争力的服务成本,并为 GPU 提供商提供公平的补偿。定价模型考虑了工作复杂性、紧迫性和资源可用性等因素,以确定提供服务的最佳成本。其动态方法不依赖静态或手动定价系统,而是适应用户群和生态系统的需求。

Render Network渲染服务的价格

3、配对算法

采用匹配算法将内容创建者与合适的 GPU 提供商联系起来。通过评估 GPU 类型、容量、位置和提供商声誉等因素,Render Network可确保渲染作业有效地跨资源分配,从而最大限度地提高渲染服务的效率、速度和成本效益。

任务创建者与节点运营商的声誉评分

节点运营商的声誉是通过及时准确地完成工作来建立的。

创作者通过成功使用网络来建立声誉分数。随着创作者积累了一系列成功的工作记录,并且最小化用户错误,他们能够访问更多并发GPU节点。

声誉分数有助于网络有效地分配工作,并减少由失败渲染或恶意Sybil攻击引起的无意拥塞。声誉评分系统定期更新以增加网络效率,因为工作复杂性和网络服务提供在不断演变。

任务分配的优先级

创建者的声誉得分通过两种方式影响其任务分配优先级:

1.具有较高声誉分数的任务创建者可以在网络上运行更多并发任务。

2.根据创建者当前的声誉得分,为每个作业添加优先级修饰符,使得具有高声誉得分的创建者的任务比低声誉得分创建者的同等任务对节点“更具吸引力”。

节点分配的优先级

节点分配是为节点分配各个任务的渲染工作的过程。

当任务发送到渲染网络时,它们会根据所选层、硬件要求、网络时间、用户信誉、节点信誉评分以及OctaneBench评分等因素分配给节点操作员。

4、隐私和安全

在渲染或处理任何创意或机密材料时,隐私和安全至关重要。为了保护网络中创作者和资产的隐私,系统使用端到端加密、哈希、虚拟化和安全集中存储的组合:

每个场景都被分解成许多单独的资产,在上传到网络时进行哈希和加密。

渲染输出在通过网络发送之前会进行加密。内存或磁盘上存储的任何资产都始终是加密的。

每一帧在下载之前都会添加水印,确保在下载之前付款已经完成。

5、ORBX格式(高兼容性)

Render Network 使用开放的 ORBX 文件格式和流媒体框架来支持完全分布式渲染。ORBX 是一个容器格式,用于捕获场景数据(资产)和描述场景语义的 XML 渲染图形。就像网页一样,它可以被缓存到归档文件(.orbx 文件),或者通过原始 UDP/tcp 或 web wss 或 https 从 URL 或 URI 进行流式传输。ORBX 格式支持超过 20 种行业领先的 DCC(数字内容创建)工具,并包含行业标准子格式,如 Alembic、OpenVDB、EXR、Open Shader Language (OSSL) 和 gLTF。ORBX 导出越来越多地被原生集成到 Octane Render 接口中,实现了简化的一键导出流程到 Render Network 的第三方插件主机,并改进了导出速度以及与扩展第三方插件效果和库的兼容性。

参考资料

研报

1.Solana 与 DePIN 的双向奔赴,会带来 DePIN 之夏吗?

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Se4WOYst8-o-JjocjPydxw

2. Ryze Labs万字研报:全方位解读DePIN赛道.

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/SBWhxyMTlwsBsVIbHS1CuA

3. Web3+AIoT=DePIN,从OpenAI创始人的Worldcoin项目看DePIN未来发展.

https://yakihonne.com/article/naddr1qq2kwnmgg424jsm829vhjaee0gkhgs20fuerqq3q08nx6y5gu3dz6urhhlcga0ktxcm9x05pdml2hy3gykrvj0r6qnrqxpqqqp65wzs548q

4. DePIN赛道潜力项目深度解读.

https://mirror.xyz/0x30bF18409211FB048b8Abf44c27052c93cF329F2/kAQZ7kAdJYHi8ZMma0r6H_A81lM4-zSel2itrDhQk90

5. 一文挖掘Depin赛道投资机会 | TrendX研究院. https://mirror.xyz/0x901eA9e4c3D637C73a368B2bCD0E708992baE49C/PG9n-yKReNcMdFwRBZHkapKsDW6QuH0hx6oH_b4OoQg

6. Mapping the Landscape of Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks.

https://iotex.io/blog/depin-landscape-map/

7. ZKML+DePIN会发生什么?

https://mirror.xyz/0x867A3f354c0eCB6622aEf1bF14C3BE79338AD889/c6h_usCtsEF31hhKaWNTifhTXL4_EToDqqL0_xG7RfE

8. A Deep Dive Into DePin (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure).

https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/a-deep-dive-into-depin-decentralized-physical-infrastructure

9.https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/what-is-render-network-rndr

10.https://globalcoinresearch.com/2023/04/26/render-network-scaling-rendering-for-the-future/

11.https://www.coinfeeds.io/research/an-introduction-to-the-render-network

12.https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/40042

项目链接

1. filecoin https://filecoin.io/zh-cn/

2. Arweave https://www.arweave.org/

3. helium https://www.helium.com/

4. render https://rendernetwork.com/

5. livepeer https://livepeer.org/zh

6. space and time

 https://www.spaceandtime.io/

7. EMC https://edgematrix.com/en/

8. PowerPod https://www.powerpod.pro/

9.kandola https://kandola.network/index.html#home


Introduction is a decentralized rendering platform, which connects people who need computing power with providers who have redundant computing power. It is mainly used for artificial intelligence, virtual reality and the creation of media and content. The pricing model officially launched in January is dynamic and competitive, taking into account the complexity, urgency and available resources of the work. The workload is distributed among the available providers through the peer-to-peer network of tokens, and the nodes are encouraged to provide redundant computing power. The migration to has brought it new capabilities, such as real-time streaming and dynamics, and a brief introduction to the concept of state compression. The research report of decentralized physical infrastructure will be divided into two main areas: digital resource network and physical resource network. Digital resource network includes storage calculation and bandwidth, while physical resource network focuses on hardware-related fields, such as wireless network, geospatial network, mobile network and energy network. Physical workload proof mechanism encourages individuals to do verifiable work, thus promoting the real-world foundation. Development and efficient utilization of facilities According to the definition of decentralized physical infrastructure, almost all distributed networks can be classified as decentralized hard disks, decentralized computers, decentralized bitcoin account books, track charts, and track charts. Based on the concept of homogenization or not, decentralized resource-based networks can be subdivided into decentralized infrastructure networks. The network model with geographical location as the key element deploys geographically specific hardware devices through incentives to generate non-homogenization. How to understand that resources are irreplaceable? You can see the deployed mobile phone base station China Tower in all parts of the city, but the same kind of base station is located in Shatian, Tsim Sha Tsui, but because of the different geographical location, they can't replace each other. In this sense, each base station is a unique and non-homogeneous resource, a resource-based network with weak dependence on geographical location, which establishes the market through incentive mechanism and increases the supply of existing or idle alternative resources. These resources are made up of geographical location. Hardware generated in the field of cloud services is similar to cloud facilities as a service, such as using storage, user experience is usually weakly related to the geographical location of users, and the degree of homogenization of services is high. Industry research on the status quo of traditional industries, the current industry faces the following two obvious dilemmas: high entry threshold, high competition, insufficient pricing, monopoly by giants, and the need to invest a lot of money in the construction of data storage and cloud computing clusters, which makes the high cost of hardware purchase, venue lease and personnel employment almost only. Only giant enterprises can join this industry, such as cloud computing and data storage, and their common market share is close, which leads to high cost, low utilization rate of centralized infrastructure resources, which is a major challenge in today's business operation. This problem is particularly prominent in the cloud computing environment, and companies usually allocate a large amount of budget for cloud services. According to recent reports, there is a worrying trend. On average, the company's cloud budget is wasted. It means that one-third of the company's resources are idle after cloud spending, which has caused huge financial losses. The advantage of changing from capital-intensive industries to new models has lowered the threshold for enterprises to participate, broken the price monopoly, and enabled users to have more economical choices to reuse idle resources and improve the efficiency of resource utilization. In the traditional economic model, many resources are idle and fail to play their potential value. Many users hold many idle resources, whether it is storage computing power or data, the key lies in how to mobilize them. Some resources encourage users to share and use their resources through incentive mechanism, which maximizes the utilization rate of resources. Taking the cloud as an example, according to the report, the effective utilization rate of enterprises purchasing the cloud in the year only means that some cloud resources are wasted. Considering that the annual cloud expenditure is expected to reach nearly 100 million US dollars, this means that it is roughly estimated that hundreds of millions of US dollars of cloud expenditure is wasted, and this part of wasted resources can be used to eliminate middlemen's money and flow more efficiently. The traditional Meituan public comments on such projects as Didi. The platform charges a high intermediary fee, which is equivalent to a tax wedge. The social efficiency has not reached the optimal state. Many projects on the track have tried to solve this problem, such as taxi application, take-away application, public comment application and so on. The relationship agreements often need real-time response and low transaction costs. Now many agreements tend to use the existing ecosystem instead of building their own chains. At present, many leading agreements have migrated to rely on their high-speed blockchain and such as second block time and direct. Handling verifiers and other characteristics are very suitable for providing more cost-effective authorization certificates for nodes. This is a common practice. More and more protocols are selected as their basic layers, and almost all the sub-areas of the protocols have been successfully integrated, which provides proof for the concept of initially having doubts about these protocols. Judging from the top projects in the current market value of the fields, most of them belong to the fields. The introduction of the project party was founded by a company specializing in rendering technology and the world. The founder of the first fully utilized commercial rendering software was a cloud graphics company that provided rendering solutions for Hollywood studios and artists. The idea of rendering the network was born in. At that time, a white paper outlining the technical details of the network was released. The subscription account can be directly accessed, which is also the only way to use computing power. Any task that can be used for rendering can be put on the internet to render the architecture of token economic models, including movies, animation games, virtual reality scenes and so on. In the current state, The offline rendering network consists of two main layers, including the creator node, the operator rendering network and the rendering application layer supplier node. The operator is the node that provides network power, and the blockchain layer node operator and the creator interact with each other in the distributed network model arbitrated by the server core network infrastructure. It is a proprietary benchmark tool and the most popular rendering benchmark test at present, which is used to measure the rendering speed in points per hour. The pricing of rendering tasks is used for standardization and benchmark test performance to ensure that creators receive consistent performance pricing when requesting node operators to do their work. The cost of any task is taken as a unit, and the multi-layer pricing algorithm is used to determine tokens as practical tokens for on-demand rendering services. By paying the cost of rendering work, creators can access various providers with different speed, security and price levels. The current pricing is divided into three layers: the first layer, the trusted partner, the first layer, the first layer, the economy and the already available incentive mechanism, which will be launched in the future. Node operators can use idle energy. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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