AO 共识与全息态

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作者:Kevin Primicerio, Cofounder of Pianity

翻译:Xiaosong Hu

了解 AO 的全息态(holographic state)如何彻底改变区块链可扩展性,利用 Arweave 的不可变日志不折不扣达成共识。一个高效、可扩展的去中心化计算的新时代即将到来。

AO 计算机通过“全息态”达成共识,利用 Arweave 不可变的消息日志来突破传统的可扩展性限制。这种方法标志着工作量证明和权益证明等现有系统的重大革新,为高效、可扩展的去中心化计算的新时代铺平了道路

输入了解传统共识机制标题

比特币和以太坊等区块链采用共识机制让网络参与者就账本状态达成一致,包括交易验证、账户余额或智能合约执行结果。

比特币通过工作量证明(PoW)开创了去中心化共识,矿工们通过解决难题来添加新的交易区块。这种共识确保了交易历史的一致性,在没有强大算力的情况下几乎不可能进行未经授权的篡改。

以太坊使用权益证明(PoS)通过抵押交易验证和区块创建来达成共识。这样做的目的是减少 PoW 的能源需求。

通过要求所有节点验证并同意每笔交易或合约执行,这些机制通常会限制网络的速度和吞吐量,从而对可扩展性造成重大障碍。

L2 解决方案和前进道路

2 层 (L2) 解决方案对于克服可扩展性和能耗障碍至关重要。虽然 Rollup 和侧链等 L2 解决方案旨在减轻主区块链的交易负担,以实现更高的吞吐量和效率,但 AO 的模型利用 Arweave 的不可变存储功能来确保可扩展性并减少计算开销。这种与 L2 原则的战略一致性,尽管在根本不同的架构层面上,强调了 AO 对增强去中心化计算的承诺。

全息态:范式转变

流程状态通常不会在 AO 系统中存储或达成一致。相反,它们是“全息”隐含在 Arweave 托管的消息日志的。这确保了计算时输出的一致性,即使网络参与者尚未监测/计算它。

因此,全息态代表进程的状态,是从 Arweave 上不可变的消息日志推断出来的,不需要实时计算或共识。

这意味着计算成本被委托给可以计算其状态或通过计算单元 (CU) 请求执行的用户。使用确定性、资源计量的虚拟机(metered VM)可确保:无论谁执行计算,给定相同的输入(消息日志),其输出(状态)始终相同。

这一概念利用 SmartWeave Celestia 的惰性评估架构原则,使流程中的使用和扩展资源不受限制。

为什么这很重要?

这一转变的影响是重大的。通过将共识机制与计算状态解耦,AO 计算机解决了困扰传统区块链网络的可扩展性问题。这为去中心化应用程序开辟了新的可能性,使它们能够在免受当前共识模型所限制的内存大小、形式和速度的情况下运行。

此外,全息态模型创造了更加灵活和高效的计算环境。开发人员可以在 AO 计算机上创建和部署流程,而无需担心网络上的计算负荷。反过来,由于 Arweave 上不可变的消息日志,用户可以与这些进程进行交互,并确信底层状态是可验证且安全的。

经常被问到的问题

以下是我在 Discord 和 Twitter 上遇到的一些最常见问题的解答

AO 中的全息态机制是如何工作的?

网络中的节点不需要执行计算来就程序状态转换达成共识,而是从存储在 Arweave 上的交互(消息)日志中得出状态。

此设计利用 Arweave 网络的不可变存储来确保消息日志永久可用,从而允许任何网络参与者计算状态。

如何分布式管理和执行流程?

进程通过调度程序单元 (SU)、计算单元 (CU) 和信使单元 (MU) 的组合来管理和执行。

这些组件协同工作,处理消息到进程 (SU) 的分配、基于消息 (CU) 计算状态转换以及在进程 (MU) 之间中继消息。

这种架构允许进程在网络上独立运行。有关深入解释,请参阅我关于 AO 架构的详细文章。

文章链接:

https://thenextwave.blog/aos-modular-architecture-computing-model-part-ii/

进程的状态可以直接观察到,还是只是隐含的?

进程的状态主要隐含在 Arweave 上存储的交互日志。虽然状态不被存储,但任何参与者都可以确定性地计算它。这种方法确保进程的状态虽然不能直接监测,但可以独立验证并且在整个网络中保持一致。

确定性、资源计量的虚拟机如何对全息态做出贡献?

计算单元是确定性的、资源计量的虚拟机 (VM)。它们确保给定相同的输入(消息日志)输出(状态)始终保持一致,无论谁或在何处执行计算。这种一致性对于全息态模型至关重要,可以对状态转换进行无需信任的验证。虚拟机的资源计量功能可确保计算受到限制,防止进程失控并保持网络效率。

什么是资源计量虚拟机?

资源计量虚拟机旨在精确控制和跟踪计算资源(例如 CPU 运行时间和内存)的使用情况。这种功能可确保公平地访问网络资源、防止滥用并可预测到运营成本,它对于维护网络效率和可扩展性以及为开发人员和用户提供透明且可管理的经济模型至关重要。

全息态模型的可扩展性影响是什么?

全息态模型对可扩展性具有显着的积极影响。通过将共识机制与实际状态计算解耦,并利用分布式的参与者网络来执行流程,AO 可以支持许多并行流程,而不受传统区块链共识机制的典型约束。该模型允许更显着的可扩展性,因为网络可以处理更多事务和复杂计算,而不会成比例增加资源需求或降低性能。


How does the holographic state translated by the author completely change the unchangeable log used in the scalability of blockchain? A new era of efficient and scalable decentralized computing is coming. Computers reach a consensus through holographic state and use immutable message log to break through the traditional scalability restrictions. This method marks a major innovation in existing systems such as workload proof and rights proof, paving the way for a new era of efficient and scalable decentralized computing. Blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum adopt a consensus mechanism to allow network participants to reach an agreement on the status of books, including transaction verification account balance or smart contract execution results. Bitcoin creates a decentralized consensus through workload proof. Miners add new trading blocks by solving problems. This consensus ensures the consistency of transaction history. Without strong computing power, it is almost impossible to tamper with Ethereum without authorization. Blocks are created to reach a consensus. The purpose of this is to reduce the energy demand. By requiring all nodes to verify and agree to execute each transaction or contract, these mechanisms usually limit the speed and throughput of the network, thus posing a major obstacle to scalability. Solutions and forward road layer solutions are very important to overcome scalability and energy consumption obstacles. Although solutions such as side chains aim to reduce the transaction burden of the main blockchain to achieve higher throughput and efficiency, it is impossible to use the model. Changing the storage function to ensure scalability and reduce the computational cost is a strategic consistency with the principle. Although the commitment to enhance decentralized computing is emphasized at a fundamentally different architectural level, the holographic state paradigm shift process state is usually not stored or agreed in the system. On the contrary, they are holographic hidden in the managed message log, which ensures the consistency of the output during the calculation, even if the network participants have not monitored and calculated it, so the holographic state represents the message day of the process. Real-time calculation or consensus is not needed for the inference, which means that the calculation cost is entrusted to the user who can calculate its state or request execution through the calculation unit. The virtual machine can ensure that no matter who performs the calculation and gives the same input message log, its output state is always the same. The concept of sum is used to make the use and expansion of resources in the process unrestricted. Why is this important? The impact of this change is significant by combining the consensus mechanism with the plan. The computational state decoupling computer solves the scalability problem that plagues the traditional blockchain network, which opens up new possibilities for decentralized applications to run without being limited by the memory size, form and speed of the current consensus model. In addition, the holographic state model creates a more flexible and efficient computing environment, and developers can create and deploy processes on the computer without worrying about the computational load on the network. In turn, due to the immutable message log, users can work with this. Some processes interact with each other and make sure that the underlying state is verifiable and safe. The frequently asked questions are as follows: How does the holographic state mechanism work in the answers to some of the most common problems I have encountered in and? The nodes in the network do not need to perform calculations to reach a consensus on the program state transition, but get the state from the interactive message log stored on the network. This design uses the immutable storage of the network to ensure that the message log is always available, thus allowing any network participant to calculate how the state is distributed. Managing and executing processes manage and execute these components through the combination of scheduler unit, computing unit and messenger unit, and work together to deal with the distribution of messages to processes. This architecture allows processes to run independently on the network based on message computing state transition and relaying messages between processes. For in-depth explanation, please refer to my detailed article on architecture. Can the state of linked processes be directly observed or just implied? Although the state of linked processes is mainly implied in the interactive log stored on the Internet, However, the state is not stored, but any participant can definitely calculate it. This method ensures that the state of the process can be independently verified although it cannot be directly monitored, and how the virtual machines with deterministic resource measurement contribute to the holographic state in the whole network. The computing units are virtual machines with deterministic resource measurement. They ensure that the output state of the given input message log is always consistent, no matter who or where performs the calculation, this consistency is very important for the holographic state model. The state transition can be verified without trust. The resource metering function of virtual machine can ensure that the calculation is limited, prevent the process from getting out of control and maintain the network efficiency. What is resource metering virtual machine? Resource metering virtual machine aims to accurately control and track the usage of computing resources such as running time and memory. This function can ensure fair access to network resources, prevent abuse and predict the operating cost. It is transparent and predictable for maintaining network efficiency and scalability and providing developers and users. The economic model of management is very important. What is the scalability impact of holographic model? Holographic model has a significant positive impact on scalability. By decoupling consensus mechanism from actual state calculation and using distributed participant network to execute processes, many parallel processes can be supported without the typical constraints of traditional blockchain consensus mechanism. This model allows more significant scalability because the network can handle more transactions and complex calculations without proportionally increasing resource requirements or reducing performance. 比特币今日价格行情网_okx交易所app_永续合约_比特币怎么买卖交易_虚拟币交易所平台

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