数字货币是“虚拟货币”“电子钱包”？央行这样解释
原标题：
郭德鑫作（新华社发）
移动支付高速普及，令人们对“无现金社会”产生丰富遐想。中国是全球移动支付应用最广泛的国家，也是最接近“无现金社会”的国家之一。然而，仅仅依靠移动支付还无法满足数字金融时代的变革要求，着眼于更深层次的“数字货币”概念应运而生。
China is one of the most widely used countries in the world and one of the closest to & & & & & & & & & & & & &, where mobile payments are widely available. However, mobile payments alone cannot meet the transformational requirements of the digital financial age, focusing on deeper & & & & rdquo; & & & & & & & & ; concepts to follow.
近日，中国人民银行（以下简称央行）有关负责人在公开场合表示正在进行数字货币系统开发，“数字人民币时代”即将到来。央行为何要推出数字货币？央行数字货币与网络支付及所谓“虚拟货币”又有哪些联系和区别？
In recent days, the relevant officials of the People’s Bank of China (hereinafter referred to as the Central Bank) have publicly stated that they are developing a digital monetary system, &ldquao; the digital renminbi era & rdquao; and that they are about to arrive. Why should the central bank launch a digital currency? The central bank’s digital currency and network payments and the so-called & & ldquao; the virtual currency & rdquao; and what are the links and differences?
数字货币有啥不同？
What's the difference between the numbers?
在日前举行的第三届中国金融四十人伊春论坛上，央行支付结算司副司长穆长春表示，央行下属的数字货币研究所早于2018年就开始了数字货币系统的开发，央行数字货币已是“呼之欲出”，随后引发了互联网和金融界广泛热议。
At the recent third forum of 40 Chinese finance people, the Deputy Director-General of the Central Bank's Payments Settlement Department, Mu Changchun, stated that the Digital Monetary Institute of the Central Bank had started the development of a digital monetary system earlier than 2018, and that the central bank's digital currency was & ldquo; the desire to & rdquo; and the ensuing widespread debate on the Internet and the financial world.
央行研究发行数字货币并非一时之举。据悉，从2014年至今，央行数字货币的研究已经进行了5年。2017年，央行数字货币研究所正式成立。目前，该所已经申请了74项涉及数字货币技术的专利。
The Central Bank’s research into issuing digital money is not a one-time exercise. It is known that, from 2014 to the present, the Central Bank’s research on digital currency has been under way for five years. In 2017, the Central Bank’s Digital Monetary Institute was officially established.
近年来，伴随互联网科技尤其是区块链技术的发展，全球涌现出不少所谓的“虚拟货币”，如近年来争议较大的比特币、莱特货币等。那么，此番央行提出的数字货币与这些商业“虚拟货币”有何不同？
In recent years, along with the development of Internet technology, especially block-chain technology, there have been so-called & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &, & & & & &.
从货币属性看，比特币等“虚拟货币”本质上并非货币。“虚拟货币”不像国家发行的法定货币有国家信用支撑，其投机性受到监管趋紧和技术问题等因素影响，价格常常大起大落，并在很大程度上干扰本国乃至全球货币金融体系的正常秩序。
In monetary terms, currency & & & ldquo; virtual currency & & rdquo; is not essentially monetary. & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; unlike legal currencies issued by countries that are backed by State credit, their speculative nature is influenced by regulatory tightening and technical problems, among others, and prices are often sharply falling and greatly disrupting the normal order of the domestic and, indeed, the global monetary and financial system.
从货币流通原理看，为保证金融体系的有序运行和宏观调控，只有国家才能对货币行使发行的最高权力。因此，央行数字货币是基于国家信用、由央行发行的法定数字货币，与比特币等“虚拟货币”有着本质区别。
In terms of monetary liquidity, only the state can exercise the highest power to issue money in order to ensure the orderly functioning and macro-regulation of the financial system. Thus, the central bank’s digital currency is based on the country’s credit, the statutory digital currency issued by the central bank, and & ldquo; virtual currency & rdquo; and there is a fundamental difference.
真能替代流通现金吗？
Can you really replace cash in circulation?
中国电子支付已十分发达，央行为何还要推出法定数字货币？“对老百姓而言，基本的支付功能在电子支付和央行数字货币之间的界限相对模糊，但央行未来投放的央行数字货币在一些功能实现上与电子支付有很大的区别。”穆长春表示，以往电子支付工具的资金转移必须通过传统银行账户才能完成，而央行数字货币可脱离传统银行账户实现价值转移，使交易环节对账户依赖程度大为降低。通俗地讲，央行数字货币既可以像现金一样易于流通，有利于人民币的流通和国际化，同时也可以实现可控匿名。
” for the population, the basic payment function is relatively blurred between electronic payments and the central bank’s digital currency, but the central bank’s future digital currency is significantly different from electronic payments in a number of ways. ” Mu Changchun said that the transfer of funds from electronic payment instruments had to be done through traditional bank accounts, while central bank’s digital currency had to move value away from traditional bank accounts, reducing the dependence of the transaction chain on accounts.
据了解，现有流通中的现金容易匿名伪造，银行卡和互联网支付等电子支付工具又不能完全满足公众对匿名支付的需求。因此，央行数字货币的设计主要针对流通中现金的替代性，既保持现钞的属性和主要特征，也满足人们对便携性和匿名性的需求。
It is understood that cash in current circulation is easy to forge anonymously, and that electronic payment tools, such as bank cards and Internet payments, do not fully meet the public’s demand for anonymous payments. Thus, central banks’ digital currency is designed primarily to target alternatives to cash in circulation, preserving the properties and main features of cash and meeting the demand for portability and anonymity.
央行研究局兼货币金银局局长王信表示，央行数字货币在中国主要是对现金进行一定程度的替代，将有助于优化央行货币支付功能，提高央行货币地位和货币政策有效性。
According to the Central Bank Bureau of Research and Director of the Monetary and Monetary Monetary Bureau, Wang Xin, central bank digital currencies are largely replaced by cash in China, which will help optimize central bank currency payment functions and improve central bank monetary status and monetary policy effectiveness.
由此看来，央行推出数字货币，既不是当下流行的电子钱包或网上支付，也不是完全“推倒重来”取代现有的人民币体系，而是对流通现金具有一定替代性的全新加密电子货币体系。
As a result, central banks have introduced digital currency, which is neither a current popular electronic wallet or online payment, nor a complete & & & & & & & & & & ; replacing the current renminbi system with a completely new, encrypted electronic currency system with some alternative to cash in circulation.
中国银联股份有限公司董事长邵伏军表示，央行法定数字货币会产生很大的积极影响，能提升对货币运行监控的效率、丰富货币政策手段。
The Chairman of the Board of Governors of Silver Unions Limited in China said that the central bank's statutory digital currency would have a significant positive impact by increasing the efficiency of the monitoring of currency operations and enriching monetary policy instruments.
据悉，央行数字货币主要用于小额零售高频的业务场景。央行原行长周小川曾指出，研究数字货币，本质上是要追求零售支付系统的方便性、快捷性和低成本。
The central bank’s digital currency is known to be used mainly for small retailing of high-frequency business scenes. As Governor Zhou Xiaochuan of the central bank pointed out, the study of digital money is essentially about the convenience, speed and low cost of retail payment systems.
研发处于“赛马”状态
R & D in & ldquo; & rdquo; state
近年来，商业虚拟货币饱受争议，人们越来越多地认识到，未来数字货币发展趋势还是基于国家信用、由各国央行发行的法定数字货币。
In recent years, commercial virtual currencies have been controversial and there has been a growing recognition that future trends in digital currency development are still based on national credit, statutory digital currencies issued by central banks.
据了解，目前全球还没有一家央行正式推出法定数字货币。包括英格兰银行、加拿大央行以及瑞典央行在内的多国央行正在进行法定数字货币的研发。国际货币基金组织表示，计划根据特别提款权机制推出一个全球数字货币——国际货币基金组织货币（IMFCoin）。
Multi-national central banks, including the Bank of England, the Central Bank of Canada, and the Swedish Central Bank, are developing and developing a legal digital currency. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has indicated that it plans to launch a global digital currency & mdash; & mdash; and the International Monetary Fund (IMF Coin) currency under the Special Drawing Rights (SDR) mechanism.
目前，中国在数字货币方面还处于加快研发阶段。比如，央行8月2日召开2019年下半年工作电视会议要求“加快推进我国法定数字货币研发步伐”。而近日发布的《中共中央 国务院关于支持深圳建设中国特色社会主义先行示范区的意见》中明确表示“支持在深圳开展数字货币研究与移动支付等创新应用”。
For example, the Central Bank called for & ldquo on August 2, 2019; accelerated the pace of development and development of our statutory digital currency & & rdquao; and recently published the State Council of the Communist Party of China Opinion on Supporting Shenzhen’s Building of China’s Characteristic Socialism Pilot Zone, which clearly states & ldquao; and supported innovative applications such as digital monetary research and mobile payments in Shenzhen.
据了解，未来央行将不会直接向公众发行数字货币，而是采用双层运营体系，即央行先把数字货币兑换给银行或其他运营机构，再由这些机构兑换给公众。央行法定数字货币前期或先在部分场景试点，待较为成熟后再进一步推广，出于稳妥考虑，会做好试点退出机制设计。
It is understood that the future central bank will not issue digital money directly to the public, but rather will use a two-tier operating system, whereby the central bank first converts the digital currency to banks or other operators, which then converts it to the public. The central bank’s statutory digital currency will be piloted either in a pilot phase or in part, before it becomes more mature, and will be further promoted.
穆长春透露，目前央行数字货币的开发处于“赛马”状态，几家指定运营机构采取不同的技术路线进行研发。“不一定是区块链，任何技术都可以。无论区块链还是集中账户体系、电子支付或所谓的移动货币，你采取任何一种技术路线，央行都可以适应。”
Mu Changchun revealed that the development of the central bank’s digital currency is currently in “ horse racing & & rdquo; and that several designated operators take different technological routes for research and development. & & & & & rdquo; not necessarily a block chain, any technology can. Whether a block chain or a centralized account system, electronic payments, or so-called mobile currency, you can take any technological route that the central bank can adapt to. & & rdquao;
（记者 卢泽华）
(Reporter Luzawa)
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