加密货币、区块链和加密资产是什么？

90年代末期，《游戏化思维》的作者、沃顿商学院副教授凯文·韦巴赫（Kevin Werbach），曾在美国联邦通信委员会工作过，他亲眼见证了网络公司的繁荣。

In the late 1990s, Kevin Werbach, author of Play Thinking and associate professor at Wharton Business School, worked for the United States Federal Communications Commission and witnessed the prosperity of Internet companies.

现在，韦巴赫也在研究互联网和通信技术对商业、政策和社会所带来的影响，是这个领域的知名专家。对于现在很热门的加密货币和区块链技术，韦巴赫专门写了一本新书《区块链与新的信任结构》（The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust），这本书将于今年11月面市。

Now, Webach is also studying the impact of the Internet and communication technologies on commerce, policy, and society, and is a leading expert in this field. For the now popular technologies of encryption money and block chains, Webach has written a new book, The BlockShain and the New Structure of Trust, which will be on the market in November of this year.

如今，有些观点把加密货币和区块链技术提升到改变世界、具有革命性意义的高度，同时，也有人利用这种技术进行诈骗和非法活动，很多人依旧不明白区块链到底是怎么回事。对此，韦巴赫认为造成当下混乱局面的一个原因是，人们谈论的其实不是同一样东西。

Today, there are ideas that elevate crypto-currency and block chain technology to a revolutionary level that transforms the world, while others use it for fraud and illegal activities. Many still do not understand what the block chain is all about.

他在内容平台Medium发表了一篇文章，介绍了区块链领域中的三大分支——加密货币(cryptocurrency)、区块链(blockchain)、加密资产(cryptoassets)。虽然它们有着同一套基本设计原则和技术基础，但它们的目标、研究人员和技术前景几乎完全不同。IT技术社区CSDN编译了这篇文章。

He published an article on content platform Medium, describing three major branches in the area of block chains — encryption money (cryptocurrence), block chains (blockchain), encryption assets (cryptoassets). Although they have the same basic set of design principles and technical foundations, their objectives, researchers and technological prospects are almost entirely different.

韦巴赫简单介绍了这三个分支：加密货币是指没有第三方中介，在网络上也可以转移有价值的东西；区块链能跨越信任边界，让网络实体达成共识；加密资产指的是虚拟货币可以被“金融化”成为可交易的资产。为了帮助理解，韦巴赫提出了与三个分支相对应的“3T原则”：最小化信任（Trust-minimizing）、追踪（Tracking）和交易（Trading），

Webach provides a brief description of the three branches: crypto-currency means that there are no third-party intermediaries and that valuable things can be transferred on the Internet; block chains can cross trust boundaries to allow network entities to reach consensus; and crypto-asset assets mean that virtual money can be “financialized” as tradable assets. To help understand, Webach proposes “3T principles” corresponding to the three branches: “Trust-minimizing”, tracking and trading.

首先是，加密货币与最小化信任。我们最熟悉的加密货币就是比特币，韦巴赫说，理解比特币最简单的方法并不是纠结于采矿和数字现金，应该把重点放在“信任”的“去中心化”上。在传统意义上，信任需要依靠合作伙伴或中介，但中心化的信任机制很脆弱，有时你相信的人、公司或机构会变得不可靠。加密货币的出现表明了，我们不需要信任任何人，就能获得信任的好处，比如用本身具备价值的东西（比如货币）来验证交易。不过，这需要一个前提，就是加密货币的信任机制能够百分百实现。另外，“去中心化”也需要成本，对于比特币而言，这些成本包括网络、电力，以及矿工社区带来的成本。

First of all, crypto-currency and minimum trust. The crypto-currency that we know best is bitcoin. Webach says that the easiest way to understand bitcoin is not to be tied to mining and digital cash, but to focus on “decentization” of “trust.

接着是区块链与追踪。韦巴赫介绍，区块链与加密货币根源相同，目标却不同，“加密货币的去中心化是不再依赖信任机制，而区块链却采用了比较折中的方式，以有限的信任为前提：只相信自己或自己的组织”。也就是说，加密货币正在尽量降低信任机制的作用，区块链是要增加信任。

The chain of blocks is followed by tracking. Webach explains that the chain of blocks is the same as the source of encrypted money, but the target is different: “The centralization of encrypted money is no longer dependent on trust mechanisms, whereas the chain of blocks takes a more neutral approach, premised on limited trust: only trust itself or its own organization.” That is, encrypted money is minimizing the role of trust mechanisms, and the chain of blocks is intended to increase trust.

我们的社会中充满了各种流程，必须要从一个机构再到另一个机构追踪所有的交易。全球公司每年在物流上的花费约有10万亿美元，制造商、分销商和零售商在供应链中流通相同的物品时，必须保留自己独立的信用记录，这些信息流通时遇到阻塞就会产生交易成本。韦巴赫说：“企业之间（或公司内部）的大部分交易成本都来自信任。如果每个交易方都有可信的交易信息，即使彼此之间相互不信任，这样也可能会降低成本，提高交易效率——这就是区块链思想的本质。”

Our societies are full of processes that have to track all transactions from one agency to another. Global companies spend about $10 trillion each year on logistics, and manufacturers, distributors and retailers must keep their own independent credit records when they circulate the same items in the supply chain, and this information can be blocked at transaction costs. Webach says, “The bulk of the transaction costs between (or within) firms come from trust. If each trader has credible information, even if they do not trust each other, this may reduce costs and improve the efficiency of the transaction — that is, the essence of the chain of ideas.”

最后是加密资产与交易。加密资产就是把加密货币代币变成交易工具，可以理解成是金融工具。加密资产与加密货币的不同之处在于：加密资产没有把加密货币看作实现交易的一种方式，而是将其看成一种新的资产类别。加密资产本身就是数字化的，所以它具有内在的灵活性和全球通用性，可以更有效地参与交易。加密资产依赖于加密货币的存在，因为它必须得有具有价值的东西来交易。对于加密资产交易者来说，有没有信任无关紧要，信任不过是达到流通目的的手段而已。

Encrypted assets are financial instruments, understandably, that they turn encrypted money into a transactional tool. The difference between encrypted assets and encrypted money is that encrypted assets do not see encrypted money as a way to make a transaction, but rather as a new asset class. Encrypted assets are digital in themselves, so they have built-in flexibility and global interoperability to participate more effectively in the transaction. Encrypted assets depend on the existence of encrypted money, because it must have something of value to deal with.

韦巴赫总结说，加密货币、区块链和加密资产这三者中任何一个技术的成功或失败，都不一定能对其他两个造成影响。无论技术是成功还是失败，都需要去仔细评估，虽然区块链项目首次发行代币（ICO）中存在很多欺诈和幕后操作的行为，这不表示区块链本身没有前途；同理，就算有很多人看好区块链，也不代表区块链的前景一片光明。“毕竟，有时候我们把一件事捧得越高，就越难看出它的本质。”

Webach concludes that the success or failure of any of the three technologies, i.e. encrypt currency, block chains, and encrypt assets, does not necessarily affect the other two. Whether technology succeeds or fails, it needs to be carefully assessed, although there is a lot of fraud and behind-the-scenes behavior in the block chain project for the first time, which does not mean that there is no future in the block chain itself; and, by the same token, even if many people look at the block chain, it does not mean a bright future.

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