虚拟货币OTC是否合法？

OTC是虚拟货币流转的常见途径，我国法律在提示风险并否定虚拟货币的法币地位后，并未在流转环节设定独立的法律规制。而在近期做法律研究时，今年公布的一则案例引起了我们的关注：犯罪行为人因向特定主体出售加密货币被认定为非法经营罪。我们将在下文结合案例简要分析。

OTC is a common route to virtual currency flows, and our laws do not establish independent legal regulation at the trans-shipment point, after raising risks and denying the status of virtual currency as a French currency. In a recent legal study, a case published this year raises our concern that the perpetrator is found guilty of illegal business for selling encrypted money to a particular subject.

基本案情2018年2月22日，被告人曾某向被害人余某、洪某1、洪某2等人介绍某虚拟数字货币，并承诺该种虚拟数字货币只涨不跌。余某、洪某1、洪某2等人决定向被告人曾某购买该虚拟数字货币，曾某承诺购买的数字货币需要一百天返还，每天返还1%。

On 22 February 2018, the defendant introduced a virtual digital currency to one of the remaining victims, one of Hung, one of Hung, two of them, and promised that the virtual digital currency would only increase and remain unchanged. The remaining one, one of Hung, and two of them decided to buy the virtual digital currency from the accused, and that the promised digital currency would take 100 days to return, at 1 per cent per day.

后余某、洪某1、洪某2等人又陆续介绍或帮亲戚从被告人曾某处购买虚拟数字货币。上述总金额664000余元。其中，被告人曾某通过银行给尚某转账242379元用于帮余某等人购买虚拟数字货币，通过微信给尚某转账10000元用于帮余某等人购买虚拟数字货币。

The sum of more than $664,000 was transferred to a bank to buy a virtual digital currency for another person, and 10,000 dollars for another person to buy a virtual digital currency for another person by means of a micromail.

被告人曾某于2018年4月1日，向欧某销售2000个“世联资产"虚拟数字货币，价值23040元。

On 1 April 2018, the accused sold 2,000 & ldquo; the assets of the Union & quot; and the virtual digital currency, valued at $23,040.

2018年9月28日，曾某因涉嫌犯诈骗罪被金溪县公安局刑事拘留;2018年11月3日因涉嫌犯非法经营罪经金溪县人民检察院批准逮捕，同日由金溪县公安局执行逮捕。

On 28 September 2018, a person was held in criminal detention by the Public Security Bureau of Kim Quan County on suspicion of fraud; on 3 November 2018, he was arrested by the People's Procuratorate of Kim Quan County on suspicion of illegal business, and on the same day he was arrested by the Public Security Bureau of Kim Qu County.

案件焦点本案的争议焦点在于：

The focus of the case is on:

1.曾某出售虚拟货币的行为是否违反国家规定，达到严重扰乱市场经济秩序的程度。

1. Whether an act of sale of a virtual currency violates the rules of the State to the extent that it seriously disturbs the order of the market economy.

2.虚拟货币场外交易是否符合非法经营罪的构成要件。

2. Whether virtual off-the-shelf transactions meet the constituent elements of the offence of illicit operation.

判决结果金溪县人民检察院以金检刑诉(2019)66号起诉书，指控被告人曾健康犯非法经营罪，于2019年4月16日向本院提起公诉。

As a result of the judgement, the People's Procuratorate of King Creek County filed a complaint against indictment No. (2019) 66, alleging that the accused had committed an illegal business offence in his health, before the Court on 16 April 2019.

江西省金溪县人民法院依法组成合议庭，于2019年6月10日作出(2019)赣1027刑初73号刑事判决。

On 10 June 2019, the People's Court of Jinxi County, Jiangxi Province, formed a collegiate court to issue criminal judgement (2019) No. 73 at the beginning of the sentence of 1027.

被告人曾某不服，提出上诉。

The accused appealed against it.

江西省抚州市中级人民法院于2019年9月24日作出(2019)赣10刑终223号刑事裁定，撤销原判，发回重审。

On 24 September 2019, the Jianzhou Municipal Intermediate People's Court of Jiangxi Province issued a criminal decision (2019), which ended in 10 years, No. 223, quashed the sentence and remanded it.

江西省金溪县人民法院于2020年4月9日公开开庭审理了本案，并于2020年5月18日作出(2019)赣1027刑初206号刑事判决书，内容如下：

The case was heard by the People's Court of Jinxi County, Jiangxi Province, on 9 April 2020, in open session, and on 18 May 2020, it issued criminal judgement (2019) No. 206 at the beginning of the sentence of 1027, which reads as follows:

被告人曾某犯非法经营罪，判处有期徒刑三年，缓刑四年，并处罚金人民币110000元。(缓刑考验期限，从判决确定之日起计算。罚金人民币110000元，限本判决生效之日起十日内缴纳。)

The defendant was sentenced to three years'imprisonment, four years'probation and a fine of 110,000 yuan. (The term of probation is to be calculated from the date of the sentence.) The fine is 110,000 yuan and is to be paid within 10 days of the date of the entry into force of the sentence.

延伸拓展

Extension

如前所述，出售虚拟货币的OTC行为本身并不构成犯罪。

As already mentioned, the sale of OTC in virtual currency does not in itself constitute an offence.

但由于虚拟货币OTC具有极强的隐蔽性，往往被某些犯罪行为人所利用，成为滋生洗钱犯罪的温床。而出售虚拟货币的一方，由于未尽到注意义务，常常因此构成我国刑法第三百一十二条所规定的掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪。

But because the virtual currency OTC is extremely hidden and is often used by certain perpetrators as a breeding ground for the crime of money-laundering, the party selling the virtual currency, by failing to fulfil its duty of care, often constitutes the crime of concealment, concealment of proceeds of crime and proceeds of crime under article 312 of our criminal code.

结合《最高人民法院关于审理洗钱等刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》第一条规定的情形，如发生OTC交易价格显著低于市场价格;巨额资金分散存放或频繁划转等情形时，在没有相反证据的情况下，虚拟货币的出售人的协助行为会被认定为“明知”，这是我们在OTC交易时需要注意的。

In the context of the provisions of article 1 of the Interpretation by the Supreme People's Court of Certain Questions Concerning the Specific Application of the Law in Criminal Cases, including Money Laundering, where the prices of OTC transactions are significantly lower than market prices; where large amounts of money are dispersed or transferred frequently, the assistance of the seller of the virtual currency is considered to be & ldquao without evidence to the contrary; knowing & rdquao; this is what we need to take into account when dealing with OTC.

图|场外交易市场(Over-the-Counter)

写在最后我国曾在区块链技术与虚拟货币的发展上居于领先地位，只是在严格且保守的监管规范与执行之下，虚拟货币的状况已经从茁壮发展回退到了维持存续即可。但无论如何，作为一种被法律认可的虚拟商品与财产性利益，虚拟货币在私人之间的流通不宜被认定为犯罪。

In the end, the country was in the lead in the development of block-chain technology and virtual money, and only under strict and conservative regulation and enforcement, the situation of virtual money has returned from booming to sustaining it. But, in any case, it is not appropriate to criminalize the circulation of virtual money between private individuals as a legally recognized virtual commodity and property interest.

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