生活里面的那些“区块链”

　　新华社上海10月30日电(记者杜康)你买的五常大米真的产自五常市吗?你捐出去的每一笔慈善费用，最后都去了哪里?音乐和文学作品屡禁不绝的盗版现象能禁止吗?你所不知道的区块链，已经在这些领域默默为大家解决难题。

Is it true that the five rice items you bought on October 30 in Xinhua, Shanghai (journalist Dukang) are from P5? Where do you end up with every charity you donate? Can piracy be banned from music and literature?

　　二维码背后藏着区块链，扫一扫就知商品的“前世今生”

the two-dimensional chain of blocks hidden behind the backs of the two-dimensional code /strang >

　　在沃尔玛超市食品区，一袋五常大米的包装袋上，新增了二维码，用微信扫一扫，便能显示信息。首先是基础的产品信息，如规格、生产商、保质期等；然后便是溯源信息，包括原料接收时间、原料检验报告、产品出厂报告、发货时间、收货时间等全流程，以及产地和整个物流线路信息。

In the Wal-Mart supermarket food area, information can be displayed by adding two-dimensional codes to a bag of five square metres, cleaning it with micro-mail. First, basic product information, such as specifications, producers, warranty periods, etc.; then, retrospective information, including the time of receipt of raw materials, reports of inspection of raw materials, production reports, time of shipment, time of receipt, etc., as well as information on the place of production and the entire logistics route.

　　用二维码传递信息并不稀罕，难的是如何让这些信息“保真”，区块链便有了用武之地。

It is not rare to transmit information in two-dimensional codes; it is difficult to “ensure” that information, and the chain of blocks has a place to use it.

　　什么是区块链?作为一种去中心化的数据库，区块链基于时间戳的链式区块结构、分布式节点的共识机制让上面的数据可追溯、防篡改。这些特征与实体行业结合，有了巨大的想象空间。

What is a block chain? As a decentralized database, the block chain is based on a time-stamped chain structure of blocks and a consensus mechanism of distributed nodes that allows the data to be traced and tampered with. These features, combined with the real industry, offer enormous imagination.

　　“没有区块链的时候，对食品的追踪要依赖某个中介机构或者公司来收集信息，如电商平台。这种中心化的数据收集方式，理论上存在数据被修改的可能。而区块链上，数据在产生的当下，就由产生者自己即时上传各种仓库物流信息，且信息不能被篡改。”作为沃尔玛可追溯平台技术支持方之一的负责人冯艺凯说。

“When there is no block chain, the tracking of food depends on an intermediary or company to collect information, such as the electric platform. This centralized approach to data collection is theoretically likely to be modified. On the block chain, the data are immediately uploaded by the producers themselves to various warehouse logistics information, and the information cannot be tampered with.” According to Feng Xian, one of the technical support providers of the Wal-Mart Retroactivity Platform.

　　“数据一旦出现问题，区块链上的数据由谁、什么时候上传，可以根据时间戳追责。不像之前，供应链上各方相互推卸责任。”冯艺凯补充。

"If there is a problem with the data, the data on the block chain will be uploaded by whom and when. Unlike before, the parties in the supply chain are disingenuous from each other."

　　食品安全追溯是区块链应用于供应链的一个例子。供应链往往涉及诸多实体，包括物流、资金流、信息流等，这些实体之间存在大量复杂的协作和沟通。“信任显得尤为重要。区块链上信息透明且不可更改等特征，有效提升了流程效率，降低了成本。”普华永道中国战略及创新主管合伙人杨志伟说。

“Trust is particularly important. The transparency and immutable character of information on the block chain effectively enhances process efficiency and reduces costs.” According to Yang Zhiwei, the strategic and innovation manager of PricewaterhouseCoopers.

　　区块链就在你身边

　　电子政务方面，区块链能帮助多部门之间的信息整合、数据的实时共享，让政府当好“店小二”。2019年6月，重庆推出区块链政务服务平台，在重庆注册公司的时间，可从十几天缩短到最快3天。北京海淀区通过区块链，实现“不动产登记+用电过户”的同步办理。

In the area of e-government, block chains help to integrate information and share data in real time across sectors, making the government “Store II.” In June 2019, Chongqing launched the block chain political service platform, which can be reduced from a dozen days to a minimum of three days for the company to be registered in Chongqing. Through the block chain, the Haidian district in Beijing synchronizes the registration of real estate with the use of electricity.

　　公益慈善领域，区块链让每一笔善款都能够被追踪。2016年7月，蚂蚁金服与中华社会救助基金会合作，在支付宝爱心捐赠平台上将区块链技术应用于慈善项目“听障儿童重获新声”，每一笔善款可被全程追踪，公益账户也就变得透明而可信任。

In July 2016, the ant gold suit, in collaboration with the Chinese Social Assistance Foundation, applied block chain technology to charitable projects, “Reclaiming the voices of hearing-impaired children,” which could be tracked through the entire process, and the public interest accounts became transparent and trusted.

　　未来已来，距离大范围落地仍有距离

　　虽然区块链应用前景广大，但目前来看，距离大规模落地仍有距离。

While there are broad prospects for the use of block chains, for the time being there is still a distance from large-scale landfalls.

　　“链”上的数据不容易被篡改，但是“链上”“链下”却不一定完全能对应。以商品外包装上的二维码为例，二维码本身很容易被复制，即使使用了区块链技术，但以二维码为载体，则也并不能尽然保证是正品。

Data on the “chain” are not easily tampered with, but the “chain” “under the chain” is not always fully compatible. For example, two-dimensional codes on the overpack are easily copied per se, and, even if block chain technology is used, using two-dimensional codes as a vehicle does not guarantee that they are authentic.

　　“在供应链管理，特别是溯源、物流等领域，链上与链下信息的对应和绑定，以及链上信息的快速检索都是需要突破的点。未来区块链与物联网、云计算、人工智能等技术的融合应用是发展趋势。”业内人士介绍。

“In the areas of supply chain management, in particular traceability, logistics, the correspondence and binding of the chain with the information under the chain, as well as the rapid retrieval of the information on the chain, are points that need to be broken. The integration of future blocks with technologies such as networking of goods, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, etc., is a trend.

　　“区块链并不必然消灭造假，也无法替代严格的监管。但随着区块链的推广应用，能够不断提高造假成本。”郭宇航说。

“The block chain does not necessarily eliminate counterfeiting and cannot substitute for strict regulation. But with the extension of the block chain, the cost of counterfeiting can be constantly increased.” As cosmonaut Kwok says.

　　在数据隐私和共享方面，业内人士提出，区块链底层技术仍待进一步完善。“区块链上的信息是加密过的，用户授权后相关方才能破解数字背后真正的含义。但仍有可能存在漏洞，技术风险不能忽视。”区块链专家肖诗源说。

In terms of data privacy and sharing, industry suggests that the technology at the bottom of the block chain still needs to be further refined. “Information on the block chain is encrypted, and the user-authorized parties can decipher the real meaning behind the numbers.

　　此外，在电子政务、医疗、金融等行业的数据方面，还需要先解决数据格式和数据传输的问题。以医疗数据为例，不同医疗机构数据格式不同，数据种类多样。而且大量机构的数据仍停留在纸面上，并未完成信息化。海量的上链数据过于庞大，需要对数据存储方式不断优化。

In addition, data formats and data transmissions need to be addressed in e-government, medical, financial, and other sectors. In the case of medical data, data formats vary from one medical institution to another, with a variety of data types.

　　“技术先进性，并不代表商业模式的可行性。随着区块链有更多项目实际落地，整个产业进入了一个应用加速的周期，相关探索也会愈加成熟。”郭宇航说。

“Technology is advanced and does not represent the feasibility of a business model. As there are more physical projects in the block chain, the whole industry enters an accelerated application cycle, and the relevant explorations become more mature.”

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