比特币境内外冰火两重天 不少国家松口给其发展空间

　　柏可林 摄

　　在过去几年中，比特币经历了暴涨暴跌，币值的不稳定让投资者面临巨大风险。另外，频繁遭到黑客的攻击，多家交易所平台被迫关闭，比特币交易的安全性岌岌可危。然而，比特币仍然赢得了许多风险资本的青睐，并且受到越来越多海外企业的欢迎，比特币的前景依然被一些人看好

In the last few years, Bitcoin has gone up and down, and the instability of the value of the currency has put investors at great risk. Moreover, frequent hacking, multiple exchange platforms have been shut down, and the security of Bitcoin transactions is in jeopardy.

　　安全问题一直深受诟病的比特币，最近被好消息和坏消息同时围绕着。

The issue of security, which has been plagued by the scourge of Bitcoin, has recently been surrounded by both good and bad news.

　　好消息是，世界著名房地产品牌之一RE/MAX伦敦代表团近日宣布，将接受比特币作为物业租金的一种支付方式。而英国央行在2月26日公布的一份研究报告称，数字货币以及移动技术的结合可能会彻底改变英国人民的购物习惯，这与互联网所带给我们的改变类似，考虑到这一点，英国央行正考虑是否利用这种技术来发布官方数字货币。

The good news is that the London delegation of one of the world’s famous real-estate brands, RE/MAX, recently announced that Bitcoin would be accepted as a way of paying property rents. A study released by the British Central Bank on 26 February suggests that the combination of digital money and mobile technology could radically change the shopping habits of the British people, similar to the changes brought about by the Internet, and given that the British Central Bank is considering whether to use this technology to publish official digital currencies.

　　与此同时，坏消息也接二连三地传来。3月5日，香港警方破获了比特币交易所Mycoin诈骗案，以涉嫌串谋讹骗拘捕两男三女。

On March 5, the Hong Kong police uncovered a case of fraud by Mycoin, a Bitcoin exchange, in which two men and three women were arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to blackmail.

　　2月11日当天，香港警方接到多名人士报案，称投资比特币交易平台mycoin.hk于2014年年底突然停止运作，公司负责人亦失去联络，怀疑受骗，遂向警方报警。当时统计涉及资金已高达7400万港元。3月11日，香港警方又接获25人报案，至今共接获80多名受害人报案，这些受害者大部分为香港居民，也有内地居民和台湾、新加坡、尼泊尔等地的投资者，涉及金额或高达30亿港元。

On the same day, on 11 February, the Hong Kong Police received reports that investment in the Bitcoin trading platform, Mycoin.hk, had suddenly ceased operations at the end of 2014, and that the head of the company had lost contact with the police, suspected of being defrauded, and had reported to the police. At that time, the statistics were as high as HK$74 million. On 11 March, the Hong Kong Police received 25 more reports. To date, more than 80 victims, mostly Hong Kong residents, and investors in Taiwan, Singapore, Nepal, etc., have been reported, amounting to HK$3 billion.

　　这仅仅是比特币平台风险的冰山一角。

It's just the tip of the iceberg of Bitcoin platform risk.

　　日前，加拿大比特币交易所Cavirtex已经停止接受存款，并宣布将在3月25日暂停取款。

The day before, Cavirtex of the Canadian Bitcoin Exchange had ceased to accept deposits and announced that withdrawals would be suspended on 25 March.

　　Cavirtex怀疑可能因为安全漏洞被黑客入侵。Cavirtex相信一个旧版本的数据库，其中包括两部认证和散列密码，可能已经在2月15日被黑客破坏。该公司表示，交易所并没有失去任何比特币储备，但是认为这次被黑造成了公司声誉受损，难以继续进行运营。

Cavirtex believes that an old version of the database, including two authentication and hash codes, could have been damaged by hackers on 15 February. The company stated that the exchange had not lost any bitcoin reserves, but believed that the blacking had damaged the company’s reputation and made it difficult to continue its operations.

　　如此多的风险事件不禁让人担忧，安全问题会成为比特币发展的绊脚石吗？

Is the security problem a stumbling block to the development of Bitcoin?

　　安全：技术斗法

Security: technical warfare

　　比特币交易网Btctrade创始人兼CEO张寿松在接受《国际金融报》记者采访时表示：“安全确实是比特币网站最重要的一方面，因为比特币是数字化的，而且是很难追踪的，所以网站自身的安全以及比特币存储的妥当就尤其重要。”

“Safety is indeed one of the most important aspects of the Bitcoin web site, since it is digital and difficult to trace, and therefore the security of the site itself and the proper storage of the bitcoin are particularly important.”

　　国内最大的比特币交易平台OKCoin联合创始人何一也向《国际金融报》记者表示：“比特币网站安全风险分外部和内部。”

The co-founder of the country's largest Bitcoin trading platform, OKCoin, also stated to the Journal of International Finance that “the security risks of the Bitcoin website are external and internal”.

　　从外部风险来看，较为常见的是黑客攻击。

In terms of external risk, hacker attacks are more common.

　　时至今日，比特币的基础技术架构仍有很大的提升空间。比特币交易平台、在线钱包等如何安全的保存大量比特币是整个行业面临的重要问题。

To date, there is still much room for upgrading the basic technical architecture of Bitcoin. The safe preservation of large amounts of bitcoins, such as Bitcoin trading platforms, online wallets, etc., is an important issue for the industry as a whole.

　　“近期，我们在海内外同步向公众免费开放自己的保存比特币钱包技术。”何一指出，“一方面帮助行业内没有条件的公司保存冷钱包（绝对不接触互联网的钱包），另一方面希望能与同行进行交流，一起探讨比特币安全技术问题。”

“In the near future, we have kept our Bitcoin wallet technology open to the public free of charge, both within and outside the country.” What makes it clear that “helping companies without conditions in the industry to keep their cold wallets (absolutely unconnected to the Internet), on the one hand, and hoping to interact with their counterparts on the issue of Bitcoin security techniques, on the other”.

　　而内部风险同样不容忽略。“这就要看公司内部的安全风控流程设计是否严谨，执行是否到位了。”何一指出。

Internal risks should also not be overlooked. “This depends on whether the security wind control process is designed and implemented within the company.

　　2014年3月，曾是世界最大比特币交易平台的Mt.Gox遗失总计65万枚比特币。目前，这些价值大约1.8亿美元的比特币依旧下落不明，公司CEO马克·卡普斯将比特币丢失归罪于黑客，但负责Mt.Gox调查的东京警方认为，只有7000枚比特币的丢失可归罪到黑客。一份分析泄露Mt.Gox交易日志的匿名报告称，Mt.Gox存在大规模的欺诈性交易。

In March 2014, Mt. Gox, the world's largest Bitcoin trading platform, lost a total of 650,000 bitcoins. At present, these bitcoins, worth about $180 million, remain unaccounted for. The company CEO Mark Capos blames Bitcoin for its loss on hackers, but the Tokyo police in charge of the Mt.Gox investigation found that only 7,000 bitcoins were lost to hackers.

　　比特币交易平台的内部风险甚至比外部风险更具有挑战性。

Internal risks in the Bitcoin trading platform are even more challenging than external risks.

　　张寿松认为：“无论内部风险还是外部风险，一个专业的技术团队应该从各个方面提高安全性，以防止被黑客入侵和内外部盗取比特币。”

According to Zhang, “whether internal or external, a professional technical team should improve security in all its aspects in order to prevent hacking and the theft of bitcoin from inside and outside.”

　　对此，何一也表示认同。OKCoin的设计理念包括网络是不安全的，只要是接触网络的设备，就有可能被攻击；U盘是不安全的，U盘可能会被植入病毒，被植入病毒的U盘可能会自动记录数据，在被插入有网络的电脑以后，黑客通过网络把数据盗走；单个人是不可信的，所有的授权必须要经过多个人做双重确认，才能确保安全等。

The idea of the OKCoin design includes that the network is unsafe, that it is likely to be attacked as long as it has access to the network; that the flash drive is unsafe, that the flash drive may be implanted into the virus, that the flash drive implanted into the virus may automatically record data, that hackers steal data through the network after being inserted into the network; that the individual is not credible and that all authorizations must be double confirmed by multiple individuals in order to ensure security, etc.

　　此外，采用冷钱包的币采取分散存储方式，每个地址存确定数量的比特币；所有私钥在完全离线电脑上存储；确保私钥永远没有接触过网络或U盘；私钥加密文档需在异地有备份，并且由在异地的不同人控制等措施。

In addition, the currency of the cold wallet is stored in a decentralized manner, with a specified number of bitcoins stored at each address; all private keys stored on a fully offline computer; private keys never reached the network or flash drive; private key encryption documents need to be backed up at a different location and controlled by different people at a different location.

　　“很多获得了风投资金的比特币公司和平台都在完善平台的安全和风控体系，这是持久发展的必经之路。”何一说。

“Many of the Bitcoin companies and platforms that received wind money are improving the platform's security and wind control systems, which are essential for sustainable development.”

　　而针对mycoin.hk这样的交易平台，市场人士表示，投资者需要自己甄别，这些网站在成立之初就动机不纯。

In the case of trading platforms such as Mycoin.hk, marketers have indicated that investors need to screen themselves and that these websites were motivated when they were established.

　　不少该交易平台的受害者表示，从2014年年初开始，通过香港裕势投资有限公司投资发掘比特币计划。该公司声称，通过公司向美国氪能集团租用云矿机发掘比特币，之后可利用mycoin.hk出售所发掘的比特币图利。计划开始初期，很多人曾成功获利，但之后裕势投资突然停止营业，mycoin.hk也停止运作。

Many of the victims of this trading platform said that, from the beginning of 2014, the Bitcoin project had been invested in the discovery of the bitcoin through the Hong Kong Xujin Investment Company Ltd. The company claimed that it had leased cloud machines to the American Kryllium Corporation for the discovery of bitcoin.hk could then be used to sell the discovered bitcointally. Many people had been successful in the early stages of the project, but the stimulant investments had suddenly ceased to operate, and mycoin.hk had ceased to operate.

　　“很难完全杜绝比特币交易平台风险，但是从几个方面还是可以进行防范，如公司的风控体系是否完善，钱包技术是否过关，当然这些问题需要投资者具有一定专业水平。更简单来看，可以通过平台存续时间是否已较长，高管是否有技术背景，内部是否有风控条款等来判断。”一位比特币资深投资人士表示。

“It is difficult to completely eliminate the risks of the Bitcoin trading platform, but it is possible to guard against several aspects, such as the soundness of the company's wind control system and the passing of wallet technology, which, of course, require a certain level of professionalism on the part of investors. More simply, it can be judged by the length of the platform's life, whether the executive has a technical background, whether there are wind control clauses in the house, etc..” A senior investor in Bitcoin has suggested.

　　资本：依然疯狂

Capital: Still crazy

　　不过，业内人士并不认为安全问题是影响比特币网站存续的根本问题。

However, practitioners do not view security as a fundamental issue affecting the viability of the Bitcoin website.

　　“安全问题确实很核心，但对比特币公司影响更大的是政策风险。”何一告诉《国际金融报》记者。

“It is true that security issues are at the heart of the problem, but the greater impact of Bitcoin is a policy risk.” How can IFC journalists be told?

　　2013年12月，中国央行发布《关于防范比特币风险的通知》，明确了比特币的性质，认为比特币不是由货币当局发行，不具有法偿性与强制性等货币属性，并不是真正意义上的货币。并要求现阶段，各金融机构和支付机构不得以比特币为产品或服务定价，不得买卖或作为中央对手买卖比特币，不得承保与比特币相关的保险业务或将比特币纳入保险责任范围，不得直接或间接为客户提供其他与比特币相关的服务。

In December 2013, the Central Bank of China issued a Notice on Protection against Bitcoin Risk, clarifying the nature of Bitcoin, arguing that Bitcoin was not issued by monetary authorities, had no monetary attributes, such as legal and mandatory, and was not a currency in the true sense. Financial institutions and payment agencies were required, at this stage, to refrain from pricing bitcoin for products or services, from buying, selling, or buying bitcoin as a central counterpart, from covering insurance operations related to bitcoin, or from including bitcoins in insurance liability, and from providing customers directly or indirectly with other bitcoin-related services.

　　受此影响，比特币步入下跌通道，2014年跌幅超过70%。“国内市场上，比特币发展受到政策环境制约，而国际市场上，较大的波动也会影响比特币支付应用推广。”何一指出。

As a result, Bitcoin went down the path, falling by more than 70% in 2014. “The development of bitcoin in the domestic market is constrained by the policy environment, while in the international market, greater volatility can also affect the application of bitcoin payments.”

　　但比特币发展的大门并没有关死，不少国家甚至开始松口，给了比特币发展以希望。

But the door to the development of Bitcoin has not been closed, and many countries have even begun to let go and give hope to the development of bitcoin.

　　德国联邦财政部就承认比特币为“记账单位”。作为记账单位，比特币和外汇一样可具有结算功能。

The German Federal Ministry of Finance recognized Bitcoin as a “unit of account”. As a unit of account, Bitcoin had the same clearing function as foreign exchange.

　　英国央行在最近的“One Bank”研究中指出，数字货币可作为一个“潜在的通道”，以应对金融和经济的不稳定性对现有全球金融体系的消弱。在报告中，英国央行同时指出：“数字货币有可能和移动技术相结合，将重塑安全支付机制，让交易在参与者之间直接进行。”

According to the British Central Bank’s recent “One Bank” study, digital currencies can serve as a “potential channel” for dealing with financial and economic instability that weakens the existing global financial system. In the report, the British Central Bank also states: “Digital currencies may be combined with mobile technology, which will reshape safe payment mechanisms, allowing transactions to take place directly between participants.”

　　美国犹他州代表马克·K·罗伯茨于2月份提交的HCR 6草案最近在州参议院已经获得了通过，该法案鼓励犹他州政府扩大比特币使用范围。不过，该草案还需通过州联邦召开研讨会来讨论是否将比特币作为有效的支付方式，只有在通过参议院的第二次和第三次表决之后，才能确定比特币是否能够成为州联邦的合法支付手段。

The draft HCR 6 submitted by the Utah state representative, Mark K. Roberts, in February, was recently passed by the state Senate, which encouraged the Utah government to expand the use of bitcoin. However, it also requires a state federal seminar to discuss whether Bitcoin should be used as an effective method of payment, and only after the second and third senatorial vote can it be determined whether Bitcoin can be a legitimate means of payment for the state.

　　资本市场同样无惧比特币安全问题，继续注资比特币产业。

The capital market, too, has no fear of Bitcoin security problems and continues to invest in the Bitcoin industry.

　　硅谷创业公司21 Inc已经完成了1.16亿美元的融资，从而扩大其比特币技术的应用。

Silicon Valley Entrepreneurs 21 Inc. has completed $116 million in financing, thereby expanding its use of Bitcoin technology.

　　近日，还有多家比特币平台宣布上市计划。

In recent days, several Bitcoin platforms have announced plans for listing.

　　3月8日，总部位于加拿大的比特币交易所QuadrigaCX宣布，将于4月开始在加拿大证券交易所（CSE）上市。如无意外，其将成为全球第一家公开上市交易的比特币交易所。

On 8 March, Quadriga CX, a Canadian-based Bitcoin Exchange, announced that it would start listing on the Canadian Stock Exchange (CSE) in April. If not unexpected, it would become the world’s first publicly traded Bitcoin Exchange.

　　此前，比特币衍生品交易平台Tera Exchange与MGT资本投资公司宣布进行反向合并。MGT将向美国证券交易委员会（SEC）提交S-4招股说明书和代理委托书。按照协议条款，在股东批准的情况下，MGT将Tera的股东发行普通股，占总股本的70%。

Previously, the Bitcoin derivatives trading platform Tera Exchange and MGT Capital Investment announced a reverse merger. MGT will submit to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) an S-4 offer statement and a proxy order. Under the terms of the agreement, MGT issues ordinary shares to Tera’s shareholders, representing 70% of total equity.

　　Tera Group是Tera Exchange有限责任公司的所有人，是一家受美国商品期货交易委员会（CFTC）监管的掉期执行设施（SEF）。Tera在比特币衍生品的开发方面处于领先地位。2014年9月，Tera Exchange推出首个受监管的比特币衍生品产品和一个现货比特币价格指数。

Tera Group, the owner of Tera Exchange Limited, is a swap enforcement facility (SEF) supervised by the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Tera is a leader in the development of Bitcoin derivatives. In September 2014, Tera Exchange launched its first regulated Bitcoin derivative product and a spot Bitcoin price index.

　　应用：内外有别

Application: Internal and external differences

　　为何资本仍然看好比特币，答案可能在于比特币的应用前景。

Why capital still looks at bitcoin, the answer may be in bitcoin's application prospects.

　　“对于比特币本身来说，只有应用发展了，使用比特币的人群基数扩大了，比特币才能获得成功。”何一说。

“For Bitcoin itself, Bitcoin will succeed only if the application develops and the base of the population using bitcoin expands.”

　　而有趣的是，比特币的应用在国内和国外是完全不同的风景。

And what's interesting is that bitcoin applications are completely different at home and abroad.

　　由于国内市场不支持比特币支付，比特币应用集中在炒币方面。

As the domestic market does not support Bitcoin payments, the Bitcoin application is concentrated in the area of currency swings.

　　高盛最新公布的一项研究报告显示，近一年来，超过80%的比特币交易是以人民币来完成的。

According to a recently published study by Goldman Sachs, over 80 per cent of the transactions in bitcoins have been conducted in renminbi over the past year.

　　张寿松指出：“比特币在中国的交易确实比较大，这也是由于中国的交易市场不收取手续费等原因造成的。单纯的交易量并不能说明发展的好坏，国外的比特币公司创业以及投融资环境都比中国好很多。”

According to Zhang, “bitcoin does have larger transactions in China, and this is due to the fact that China’s trading market does not charge fees, etc. The simple volume of transactions does not mean that it is good or bad, and that the business start-up and financing environment of foreign companies is much better than that of China.”

　　而且由于比特币价格经历了2014年的暴跌，与实际支付消费脱钩的比特币交易日渐式微。

Moreover, as Bitcoin prices experienced a sharp fall in 2014, the bitcoin transactions that were decoupled from actual payments for consumption are becoming less and less numerous.

　　《国际金融报》记者从一个比特币投资QQ群里了解到，多数比特币炒币者已经转投其他资产。

International Finance Reporters learned from a group of QQ investments in bitcoin that most bitcoins had transferred other assets.

　　“最近在盯股票大盘，哪儿有空去看比特币价格？”一位比特币投资者表示，“要等到下一轮涨势来了，比特币投资可能会再兴起。”

“Recently looking at the stock market, where do you have time to see bitcoin prices?” A bitcoin investor said, “When the next round comes, bitcoin investment may re-emerge.”

　　而一位资深比特币投资者王翔（化名）告诉记者：“比特币最近走势死气沉沉，投资者都不感兴趣了，在2013年最疯狂的时候，这个群活跃用户有200多位，现在只剩不足10位了。”

And a senior Bitcoin investor, Wang Shang, told the reporter: “Betcoin has been in a state of discomfort lately, and investors are not interested. At the craziest time in 2013, there were more than 200 active users, and there are now less than 10”.

　　而在国际市场，比特币持有者更关心比特币的支付应用。

In international markets, bitcoin holders are more interested in bitcoin payment applications.

　　2014年，亚马逊、沃尔玛和梅西百货等提供打折代购服务的Zinc Save已开始接受比特币。世界第三大PC制造商戴尔公司宣布与比特币支付公司Coinbase合作，提供比特币支付选项。戴尔还宣布了特别的外星人电脑（Alienware）的比特币促销：用比特币购买外星人电脑可享受10%的折扣，最高减免150美元。苹果公司也认可了比特币钱包。日本电子商务巨头乐天株式会社旗下的物流公司——乐天超级物流美国分公司日前宣布,开始与BitPay合作,接受比特币支付。

In 2014, Zinc Save, the third largest PC manufacturer in the world, announced cooperation with Coinbase, a company that pays Bitcoin, offering a bitcoin payment option. Dale also announced a special alien computer, Alienware, that it would receive a 10% discount on the purchase of extraterrestrial computers, with a maximum reduction of $150. Apple also approved Bitco’s wallet.

　　除美国以外的很多国家，比特币支付也在飞速发展。

Bitcoin payments are also growing rapidly in many countries other than the United States.

　　加拿大西蒙弗雷泽大学在2014年8月正式宣布涉足比特币，接受数字货币捐赠，该大学也成为以此种方式接受捐赠的首个加拿大高等教育学府。此后，该校还考虑在温哥华校区的书店和餐饮服务方面接受比特币支付，并评估安装比特币自动取款机的可行性。

The University of Simon Fraser, Canada, officially announced its participation in Bitcoin in August 2014, accepting a digital currency donation, and the University became the first Canadian higher education institution to receive donations in this way. Since then, the University has also considered receiving bitcoin payments for bookshops and catering services in the Vancouver campus, and has assessed the feasibility of installing Bitcoin ATMs.

　　韩国比特币交易网站CoinPlug近日表示，他们建立了可以在全国各地更便捷地购买okBitcard（比特币预付卡）的销售网点。在去年年末，CoinPlug在7-11便利店推出以个人识别号码方式识别的比特币预付卡。最近发表声明称，也可以在全国7000多个Nautilus晓星（ATM机制造公司）制造的ATM机上用信用卡买到比特币预付卡。

Korea’s Bitcoin trading website, CoinPlug, has recently indicated that they have established a marketing network that can buy kBitcard (bitcoin prepaid cards) more easily throughout the country. In late last year, CoinPlug launched a Bitcoin prepaid cards with personal identification numbers at 7-11 convenience stores.

　　比特币投资将迎来新的产品，比特币投资信托（Bitcoin Investment Trust，BIT）有望成为全球首只公开交易的比特币基金。该基金计划在美国场外交易集团（OTC Market Group）的电子平台上申请上市。

The Bitcoin Investment Trust (BIT) is expected to become the world’s first publicly traded bitcoin fund. The fund plans to be listed on the electronic platform of the United States Out-of-Sales Trading Group (OTC Market Group).

　　“比特币有交易成本低、效率高的特点，比特币的接受度已经越来越高。比如说，我们在游戏里面购买装备，还有跨国交易支付等领域，很受相关人士青睐。”何一表示，“我们公司的美元业务收入超过公司整体业务的50%。”

"Bitcoin is characterized by low transaction costs and efficiency, and bitcoin's acceptance is increasing. For example, we buy equipment in games and pay for cross-border transactions.

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