区块链应用领域
首先，在讲话内容中，要探索“区块链+”在民生领域的运用，积极推动区块链技术在教育、就业、养老、精准脱贫、医疗健康、商品防伪、食品安全、公益、社会救助等领域的应用。但是首要发展的行业应当是金融行业。
& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; first of all, to explore the use of block chains plus in the area of human life and to actively promote block chain technology in areas such as education, employment, old age, poverty alleviation, health care, commodity forgery, food safety, public goods, social assistance, etc. .
比如蚂蚁金服宣布港版支付宝AlipayHK，就是通过区块链实现的跨境支付，打通了我国与菲律宾之间之间通道，通过渣打银行成为AlipayHK核心伙伴银行，渣打银行将为AlipayHK及GCash提供结算服务，并提供即时外汇汇率和流动性，以支援两个持牌电子钱包之间的即时款项转账，让客户以优惠的汇率和相宜的交易费，数秒间完成中国香港和菲律宾两地之间的汇款。传统上进行跨境转账业务是非常繁琐的步骤，需要如下操作：
& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; e.g., an ant gold suit announces the payment of the treasure AlipayHK, 1、在接到汇款需求之后，机构要先进行反洗钱核查以及身份核验，收取资金以及相应费用，再开始处理汇款人的请求。需要人工填单搜集信息，反洗钱体系审核掌握的信息有限，银行保密级别很高，很难做到信息共享，这就导致了可靠性存疑。 1. After receiving a request for money transfers, the institution undertakes an anti-money-laundering verification and identification check, collects the funds and the corresponding fees before proceeding with the transferor’s request. 2、在转移环节，由于不是所有的银行都加入了Swift联盟，银行或者汇款机构只得采取两种渠道进行跨进资金转移，对于Swift成员，可以利用SWIFT网络，对于非会员只能通过当地的代理银行进行汇款，承担高昂的电汇费用。同时，信息流和资金流要经过多个机构，导致延迟现象严重，出错率高。而后果则是由汇款、收款人去承担。 In the transfer chain, since not all banks have joined the Swift coalition, banks or money transfer agencies have to use two channels for cross-border transfers. For Swift members, the SWIFT network can be used to cover high wire transfer costs for non-members only through local correspondent banks. 3、收款人收到通知，并去往银行或者汇款机构。如果是如西联汇款等汇款机构的话，就要求收款人亲自去。 The payee receives the notice and goes to a bank or money transfer agency. 4、银行或者汇款机构进行身份核验。 4. Identification checks are carried out by banks or money transfer agencies. 5、收款人智能以当地货币获得汇款。不能灵活变通，可能涉及多次汇款，导致进展缓慢。 5 Payee intelligence receives remittances in local currency. Lack of flexibility may involve multiple transfers, resulting in slow progress. 6、根据当地监管政策，银行或者汇款机构有时需要向监管层提交包括交易细节在内的报告。提交给监管层的报告有复杂的业务要求，且成本高昂。 Under local regulatory policies, banks or money transfer agencies are sometimes required to submit reports to the regulatory level, including details of transactions. 应用了区块链技术以后，有如下有点： & nbsp; with the application of block chain technology, some of the following: 1、减少时间，典型的比特币转账只需要差不多10分钟就能被区块链网络确认。目前，向国外汇款需要一到两天的时间才能到账。 & nbsp;1, reduces the time , and typical bitcoin transfers take almost 10 minutes to be confirmed by a block chain network. 2、节约成本，国外的汇款通常要收取交易的5％的佣金。比传统上通过银行转账佣金低很多。 & nbsp;2, saves . Remittances from abroad usually charge 5% of the commission traded. 3、建立一个可靠的、中心化的第三方机构需要庞大的服务器成本和维护成本等，并且一旦受到攻击可能影响整个系统的安危。去中心化方式在省去了这些成本的同时，其系统的每个节点均存储有一套完整的数据拷贝，即便多个节点受到攻击也很难影响整体系统的安全。因此对去中心化模式而言，其本身的价值转移成本及安全维护成本都相对较低。 & nbsp; 3, 优点的同时也伴随着如下缺点： The advantages are accompanied by the following disadvantages: 1、区块链系统需要大量"矿机"保障系统的安全运行，交易处理会消耗整个网络的算力和能源；分布式存储也会大量占用众多节点的带宽和设备。当然当下5G宽带的提升也满足了区块链条件。 & nbsp;1, block chain systems require a large number of "mine machines" to operate safely, and transaction processing consumes the arithmetic and energy of the entire network; distributed storage also takes up a large amount of bandwidth and equipment from numerous nodes. Of course, the current 5G broadband upgrade also meets the block chain conditions. 2、尽管区块链技术确实能够在内部逻辑和运行方式上较好的保障数据安全，但仍难以抵挡黑客对外部设施如用户电子钱包、交易平台等的攻击，且匿名机制使得用户的货币被盗后难以获得法律保障。 Although block chain technology does ensure better data security in internal logic and mode of operation, 供应链金融一般是指利用供应链上核心企业的信用支持为上下游中小企业提供相关的金融信贷服务。与传统对公信贷侧重大中型企业不同，供应链金融能够在掌握整条供应链上的商流、信息流、物流和资金流的全局图景后为中小企业提供更快捷方便的资金融通支持。 & nbsp; & nbsp; supply chain finance generally refers to the provision of relevant financial credit services for upstream and downstream SMEs with credit support from core suppliers in the supply chain. Unlike traditional public credit focus on large and medium-sized enterprises, supply chain finance can provide faster and easier financing support to SMEs after mastering the global picture of business, information, logistics and financial flows in the entire supply chain. 区块链技术，属于一种分布式多节点的数据库，非常适合应用于物流行业，一旦区块链与物流行业结合了，那么它的每个区块都可以包含许多详细的信息，如买方，卖方，合约，价格等的信息，双方或多方经过全网的验证，就能够把有效的数据上传到整个网络，以此共享，且信息绝对安全。 & nbsp; & nbsp; block chain technology, a distributed multi-point database that is well suited for use in the logistics industry, can contain a lot of detailed information, such as buyer, seller, contract, price, etc., both or multiple web-based validation, which enables valid data to be uploaded to the entire network and the information to be shared and made absolutely secure. 这种优势在于它达到了信息的交互，保证了物流的规模与效益，因为系统中每个人都可以记账，因此，整个物流系统的安全性就非它与正确的功能结合起来，在特定的行业中服务于特定的目的时，它才会变得有用。并且，由于去除了人工信息，纸质信息的流程，使得成本大大降低，效率得到了很大的提高。 & nbsp; & nbsp; this advantage lies in the fact that it allows for the interaction of information and ensures the scale and efficiency of logistics, since the security of the entire logistics system is not linked to the correct function, and it becomes useful when it serves a specific purpose in a given industry. And, as a result of removing manual information, the process of paper-based information has resulted in significant cost reductions and efficiency gains. 与此同时，通过区块链，我们可以清晰地看到从装载，运输到取件的整个流程，因此确保了信息的可追溯性，从而避免了丢包，误领事件的发生，另外，通过区块链，也可以查看快件的签收情况，从而杜绝了快递员通过伪造签名来冒领包裹等问题。 & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; and & nbsp; at the same time, passes through the block chain, so that we can clearly see the entire process from loading and transporting to taking the package, thus ensuring the traceability of the information, thereby avoiding the loss of the package, the misdirection of the incident , and, through the block chain, also viewing the receipt of the express, thus eliminating problems such as the ability of the courier to collect the parcel by forging a signature. 区块链用于集装箱的智能化运输在国外已经有了一定规模的应用，这种智能集装箱的好处在于它能够把信息存储在数据库里，然后集装箱的运输路线和日程安排就能够借助于区块链的存储解决方案自主决定了。 & nbsp; & nbsp; section chains for intelligent transport of containers already have applications of a certain size abroad, the advantage of which is that they can store information in a database, and then the container's transport routes and schedules can be determined autonomously through the storage solutions of the block chains. 我国信贷市场发展现状 Current state of development of our credit market （1）个人信贷 (1) Individual Credit 近几年，我国个人信贷发展极为迅猛，尤其是信用卡贷款业务发展迅速，如下图正是互联网消费金融市场 & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & & nbsp; our personal credit has developed very rapidly in recent years, especially credit card lending, as shown below 数据来源：前瞻产业研究院整理 Source: Research Institute for Forward-looking Industries. （2）企业信贷 (2) Enterprise credit 我国企业信贷规模在逐年增长。从 2014 年第一季度到 2016 年第四季度的商业银行不良贷款情况看，商业银行的不良贷款额以及不良贷款率也在不断上升。因此，消费信贷的不断扩张急需完善征信体系的支撑，这为征信行业的发展带来了机遇，但同时也带来了诸多问题。随着信贷市场在金融领域的应用越来越广泛以及不良贷款等问题的日益突出。构建完善可靠的征信体系也就至关重要，征信行业越来越受到政府和金融领域的重视。 & nbsp; & nbsp; and the scale of corporate credit is growing year by year. From the first quarter of 2014 to the fourth quarter of 2016, the amount of non-performing loans by commercial banks and the rate of non-performing loans are also rising. Thus, the continued expansion of consumer credit is underpinned by an urgent need to improve the letter-writing system, which presents opportunities for the development of the credit-seeking industry, but also poses many problems. As credit markets become more widely used in the financial sphere and issues such as poor loans become more prominent. 数据来源：中国银监会主要监管指标情况表 Data source: Table of key regulatory indicators of the China Banking Commission 我国征信行业发展现状 Current state of development of the correspondence industry in the country 随着互联网科技的快速发展，基于互联网的大数据征信也越来越受到重视，在2014年9月2日召开"全国社会信用体系建设"会议上,央行表示对大数据么司进入征信市场持开放态度。2015年1月，央行发布《关于做好个人征信业务准备工作的通知》,前海征信、腾讯征信和芝麻信用等8家机构入选了征信试点机构名单。企业征信方面，产业链相对简单，从上游到下游分别是:数据提供者、征信机构、征信使用方，整体在中国人民银行征信管理局的监督管理下运行。 & nbsp; & nbsp; and . With the rapid development of Internet technology, major Internet-based data indicia have also received increasing attention, the Central Bank expressed its openness to big data acquisition at a conference on "Building a National Social Credit System" held on 2 September 2014. In January 2015, the Central Bank issued a Circular on Preparing for Personal Inducement Operations, in which eight institutions, such as former Sea Enquiry, Retries and Sesame Credit, were selected for a list of pilot institutions. 图片来源：网贷315 Photo source: Internet Loan 315 征信行业面临的问题以及区块链技术的优势 Problems faced by the mail industry and advantages of block chain technology 区块链具有去中心化、去信任、时间戳、非对称加密和智能合约等特征，主要应用于征信的数据共享交易领域，例如面向征信相关各行各业的数据共享交易，构建联盟链，搭建征信数据共享交易平台。 & nbsp; & nbsp; block chains with features such as decentralization, detrust, time stamp, asymmetric encryption and smart contracts, are mainly applied in the area of data-sharing transactions for letters, such as data-sharing transactions for all sectors involved in letters-writing, building a coalition chain and setting up a platform for information-sharing transactions. (1)征信系统信息采集不全，征信报告的质量有待进一步提高。2000年起,上海资信开始运行上海个人信用联合征信系统。截止到 2016 年 6 月底，央行征信中心收录 2120 万户企业及其他组织与超过 9 亿自然人，其中仅 577 万户与 4.1 亿自然人有信贷记录。而全球征信巨头美国 Experian 的数据已覆盖全球 1.03 亿户企业和 8.9 亿人。 As of the end of June 2016, 21.2 million businesses and other organizations were registered with more than 900 million natural persons, of which only 5.77 million had credit records with 4.1 billion natural persons. The data of the global mail giant, the United States Experian, already cover 103 million businesses and 890 million people worldwide. 在基于区块链的去中心化的共享征信模式中，征信机构可以通过区块链平台进行征信数据和征信结果等信息的交换共享。同时，区块链以其不可篡改的可信任机制使得征信机构信用数据的真实性和评估结果的可靠性可以得到市场的检验，进而提升征信行业的服务质量。 In a decentralised letter-sharing model based on block chains, letter-writing agencies can exchange and share information, such as letter-gathering data and letter-writing results, through block-chain platforms. At the same time, the block-linking chain, with its indeterminable trust mechanism, allows the authenticity of credit data and the reliability of the assessment results to be tested in the market, thereby enhancing the quality of services provided by the letter-writing industry. （2）征信机构与用户信息不对称征、信机构与征信机构、征信机构与其他机构等缺乏数据共享，信息孤岛问题严重，造成征信机构与用户信息不对称。 (2) Lack of data sharing between letter agencies and users'information asymmetrical, between institutions and institutions, between institutions and other institutions, and the problem of information silos, which creates asymmetries between institutions and users. 区块链技术的去中心化特性，可以实现 征信机构、数据提供方之间的点对点联通，有助于打破数据孤岛、实现各节点征信信息的共享，拓宽征信机构掌握的客户信用信息维度，提升我国征信信息的人群覆盖率。另一方面，区块链的去中心化分布式结构不存在中心机构，区块链的点对点互联实现了对业务流程的简化，使得共享征信模式具有更高的运行效率。 & nbsp; & nbsp; decentralised features of block chain technology to achieve point-to-point connectivity between letter agencies and data providers to help break down data silos, share information on nodes, widen the client credit information dimensions held by the letter collection agencies, and increase the population coverage of the letter message in the country. On the other hand, the decentralized distribution structure of the block chain does not exist as a central institution, and the point-to-point interconnection of the block chain has simplified business processes, resulting in a more efficient operation of the shared message model. （3）当前，各国银行为提升抵御复杂金融衍生品过度交易导致的系统性风险成效，使得银行的客户征信和法律合规的成本不断增加。 (3) At present, in order to enhance the systemic risk effectiveness of banks against excessive transactions in complex financial derivatives, the cost of bank customer letters and legal compliance is increasing. 区块链技术特性可改变现有的征信体系，在银行进行KYC时，可将客户的所有数据存储在区块链中，一方面客户和交易的信息可随时更改；另一方面，能在客户信息保护法规的框架下，实现客户信息和交易记录的自动化加密关联共享，从而减少银行及银行之间进行的大量重复性工作，从而节省大量的合规成本。同时，银行也可以通过分析和监测在共享的分布式账本内客户交易行为的异常，即使发现并消除欺诈行为。 The technical characteristics of the block chain can alter the existing letter-writing system, and when banks conduct KYC, they can store all customer data in the block chain, and information about the client and transaction can be changed at any time. On the other hand, automated encryption of the connection of customer information and transaction records can be achieved within the framework of customer information protection regulations, thereby reducing the large number of duplications between banks and banks, thereby saving significant compliance costs. At the same time, banks can also, by analysing and monitoring the anomalies in customer transactions in the shared distributed books, even if fraud is detected and eliminated.
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