什么是区块链？区块链包含哪些特点？

区块链是一种分布式账本技术，它的核心概念是将数据分布式存储在多个计算机节点上，这些节点通过密码学方法连接在一起，形成一个不可篡改的、透明的记录链条。

The

区块链的主要特点包括：

The main features of the

去中心化（Decentralization）：

Decentralization:

区块链是一个分散的系统，数据被保存在网络中的多个节点上，而不是集中去单一的中心服务器。这意味着没有单一的控制机构，权力分散在网络中中间的参与者之间。

Block chains are a decentralized system, where data are stored on multiple nodes in the network, rather than concentrated on a single central server. This means that there is no single control body, with power spread between participants in the network.

例如在某一栋大楼，通常情况下，这栋楼的管理权由一个中央物业管理公司掌控，他们负责大楼的运营、维护和维护。然而，有时中央物业公司的决策可能并不被所有业主认同，或者投资者可能担心他们的权益受到关注。

For example, in a particular building, the management of the building is usually controlled by a central property management company, which is responsible for the operation, maintenance and maintenance of the building. Sometimes, however, decisions by central property companies may not be recognized by all owners, or investors may be concerned about their interests.

现在，将这栋楼的管理模式转化为去中心化的方式。每个楼层的业主都拥有一座大楼的管理手册，其中详细列出了维修、保养、费用分摊等规则。当有任何决策需要时做出时，业主们会进行讨论和投票。每个业主都有平等的权利，无论他们的楼层高低，都可以参与决策。

Now, the management model of the building is transformed into a decentralised approach. Each owner of the floor has a building management manual that details the rules for repair, maintenance, cost-sharing, etc. When any decision is made, the owners discuss and vote. Each owner has equal rights to participate in decision-making, regardless of the level of their floors.

在这个比喻中，楼层业主代表区块链中的节点，他们共同参与管理决策并共享管理手册（构成区块链的本）。没有一个中央物业公司来独家掌控权力，而是业主们可以去中心化的方式共同管理大楼。这种去中心化的模式保证了决策的公平性、透明性和民主性，每个业主都有机会参与并影响大楼的管理方向，就像区块链技术中的一样参与者共同管理交易和数据。

In this metaphor, the floor owners represent the nodes in the block chain, where they participate in management decision-making and share the management manual (which forms the block chain). There is no central property company with exclusive control of power, but where owners can manage the building in a centralized manner. This decentralized model guarantees fairness, transparency and democracy in decision-making, with each owner having the opportunity to participate in and influence the direction of the building’s management, managing transactions and data together as participants in block chain technology do.

不可篡改（Immutability）：

Immutabilty:

区块链中的数据以块的形式链接在一起，每个块包含前一个块的哈希值，这样的链式结构使得数据难以被篡改。一旦数据被写入区块链，要修改其中的信息几乎是不可能的，因为这会涉及到改变整个链上的所有后续块。

The data in the block chain are linked together in blocks, each containing the Hashi value of the previous block, a chain structure that makes it difficult to tamper with the data. Once the data is written into the block chain, it is almost impossible to modify the information in it, as it involves changing all subsequent blocks of the entire chain.

比如你有一本特殊的笔记本，每一页都有一个保险箱锁，一旦你写下笔记并锁上笔记本，就无法再更改或删除里面的内容。每一页的锁都依赖于前一页的锁来解锁，而且锁的设计非常复杂，几乎不可能被破解。

For example, you have a special notebook with a safe lock on every page, and once you write the notes and lock the notebook, you cannot change or delete the contents. Each page lock depends on the lock on the previous page, and the lock is very complex and almost impossible to break.

现在，只要你有一条重要的信息要记录，你就在这本笔记本上写下来并锁在笔记本上。其他人也可以有相同的笔记本，并按照相同的规则进行记录。这样，每个人都可以有自己的笔记本，所有者都可以相互验证的记录。

Now, as long as you have one important piece of information to record, you write it down in this notebook and lock it in it. Others can have the same notebook and record it according to the same rules. In this way, everyone can have their own notebook, and the owner can verify each other's records.

这个比喻中的笔记本锁就类似于区块链中的哈希（Hash）技术，它把前面一个区块的信息作为“锁”，保护着当前区块的信息，同时又把当前区块的信息作为下一个区块的“锁”，形成了一条连续的、不可篡改的链条。就像无法撬开保险箱锁一样，区块链中的篡改技术使得已经确认的数据不可能被篡改，因为一旦一个区块被篡改，后续的所有区块也都会被改变，这是一个非常复杂且几乎不可能的过程。

This metaphoric notebook lock is similar to the Hash technology in the block chain, which uses the information from the previous block as a “lock” to protect the information from the current block, while using the information from the current block as a “lock” from the next block, forming a continuous, non-manufactured chain. As if the lock from the safe could not be broken, tampering techniques in the block chain make it impossible to tamper with the confirmed data, because once a block has been tampered with, all subsequent blocks will be changed, which is a very complex and almost impossible process.

透明性（Transparency）：

Transparency:

区块链中的交易和数据是公开可查的，任何参与者都可以查看区块链上的所有信息。这有助于建立信任，任何人都可以验证交易和数据的合法性。

Transactions and data in the block chain are publicly available and any participant can view all information on the block chain. This helps to build confidence, and anyone can verify the legitimacy of the transaction and data.

想象你在一个透明的房间里进行活动，房间的墙壁和天花板都是完全透明的玻璃。任何人都可以从外面清晰地看到房间里发生的一切，无论是你在做什么还是与他人的互动。

Imagine you're operating in a transparent room, where walls and ceilings are completely transparent glass. Anyone can see clearly what happens in the room from the outside, whether you're doing it or interacting with others.

在这个透明的房间里，你的行为和决策都是公开的，没有什么可以隐藏的。其他人可以随时观察，确保你的行为是合乎规则的，没有不当的活动。这种透明性能够建立信任，因为任何人都可以验证你的行为是否一致，是否遵循规则。

In this transparent room, your actions and decision-making are public and nothing can be hidden. Others can observe at all times to ensure that your actions are in accordance with the rules and that there is no improper activity. This transparency builds confidence, because anyone can verify that your actions are consistent and follow the rules.

区块链的透明性类似于这个比喻中的透明房间。在区块链上，所有的交易和数据都是公开可见的，任何人都可以查看并核实。这种公开性确保了交易的透明性，减少了欺诈和不当行为的可能性。就像透明房间中的行为无法隐瞒一样，区块链上的交易也无法隐藏，这有助于建立信任并增加透明度。

The transparency of the block chain is similar to that of the transparent room in the metaphor. In the block chain, all transactions and data are publicly visible and can be viewed and verified by anyone. This openness ensures transparency of the transaction and reduces the likelihood of fraud and misconduct.

安全性（Security）：

Security:

区块链使用密码学技术来保护数据的机密性和权限。每笔交易都需要经过加密和验证，参与者需要一定的密码学密钥来进行身份验证和授权。

Block chains use cryptography techniques to protect data confidentiality and rights. Each transaction requires encryption and authentication, and participants require a certain cryptography key for identification and authorization.

比如你有一把特殊的锁，只有你知道如何打开它。这把锁完美坚固，以至于没有任何技术手段可以强行破解它。你将这把锁用于保护你的重要文件，确保只有你能够访问其中的内容。

For example, you have a special lock, only you know how to open it. It's so perfectly solid that there's no technical means to force it. You use it to protect your important document, to make sure only you can access it.

现在，想象一下有一群黑客试图侵入你的文件，但是他们发现这把锁无法被撬开，也无法通过暴力手段破解。他们开始尝试各种方法，但是无论怎样，他们都无法破解这个不可破解的锁。您的文件因此保持无损，安全性得到了极大的保障。

Now, imagine a group of hackers trying to hack into your files, but they found that the lock could not be broken or broken by violent means. They started to try various methods, but in any case they couldn't break the unbreakable lock. Your documents are thus intact and security is extremely secure.

这个比喻中的锁就类似于区块链中的密码学和加密技术，它们确保交易和数据的安全性。区块链使用强大的密码学技术来保护数据，使得任何未经授权的访问都变得无法破解比喻中的锁一样，区块链的安全性能够有效地防止恶意攻击和授权访问，保护交易和数据的机密性。

The lock in this metaphor is similar to cryptography and encryption in the block chain, which ensures the security of transactions and data. The block chain uses powerful cryptography to protect data, making it impossible for any unauthorized access to break the lock in the metaphor. The security of the block chain effectively prevents malicious attacks and authorized access, and protects the confidentiality of transactions and data.

智能合约（Smart Contracts）：

Smart Contracts:

智能合约是在区块链上执行的自动化合约，其中包含了一系列代码和条件。一旦满足了预定的条件，智能合约就会自动执行相应的操作，消耗人为权力。

Smart contracts are automated contracts implemented on the block chain and contain a series of codes and conditions. Once the predefined conditions are met, smart contracts automatically perform the corresponding operations and consume human power.

想象一下你和朋友之间有一个特殊的笔记本，这本笔记本上有一些预设的规则和条件。每当某些事情发生时，你们可以在笔记本上写下一些指令，这些指令将根据预设进行的规则自动执行。

Imagine having a special notebook between you and your friends, which has some predefined rules and conditions. Whenever something happens, you can write down instructions on the notebook, which will be executed automatically in accordance with the predefined rules.

例如，你们可以写下这样的指令：如果明天下雨，那么自动将窗户关闭。或者，如果你的朋友向你借钱，那么在一个月内自动从他的账户中转账给你。

For example, you can write down instructions that if it rains tomorrow, the window will be closed automatically, or, if your friend borrows money from you, it will be transferred to you automatically from his account within a month.

当相关的条件满足时，笔记本会自动打开，执行你们写下的指令，然后每次都自动处理。这种自动执行的规则就像笔记本中的“智能合约”，它们根据预先的设置的条件自动执行操作，减少了人为干预的需求。

When the relevant conditions are met, the notebook automatically opens, executes the instructions you write, and automatically handles them every time. The rules of automatic execution are like “intelligent contracts” in the notebook, which operate automatically under predefined conditions, reducing the need for artificial intervention.

在区块链中，智能合约类似于这个比喻中的自动执行指令。它们是一些编程的代码，被部署在区块链上，可以根据特定的条件自动执行事务。例如，你可以在区块链中上创建一个智能合约，便于在特定条件下自动触发支付、转动、授权等操作，而无需人为干预。智能合约的自动执行和透明性使许多业务流程更加高效和可信。

In block chains, smart contracts are similar to the automatic execution instructions in this metaphor. They are programmed codes that are deployed on block chains and can be performed automatically under certain conditions. For example, you can create a smart contract on block chains that can automatically trigger payments, spins, authorizations, etc. under certain conditions without artificial intervention. Automatic enforcement and transparency of smart contracts make many business processes more efficient and credible.

高可用性（High Availability）：

High Availability:

由于区块链数据存储在多个节点上，即使部分节点出现故障，系统仍然可以继续运行，保持高可用性和稳定性。

As block chain data are stored on multiple nodes, the system can continue to function and maintain high availability and stability, even if some nodes fail.

想象一下你有一台备用发电机，它可以在主电源出现故障时自动启动，为你的家提供电力。这个备用发电机是经过精心设计的，具有高可靠性和自动切换功能，以确保在主电源上工作停电时仍保持电力供应，保证您的家庭正常运转。

Imagine that you have a back-up generator that can be activated automatically in case of power failure in the main power source to provide electricity to your home. This back-up generator is well designed, with high reliability and automatic switching to ensure that power is maintained while the main power source is out of power and your family is functioning properly.

现在，假设你的主电源出现了问题，导致停电。然而，由于备用电源的存在，你家中的电源不会中断，备用电源会自动启动，确保电力持续供应，避免了停电造成的不便和损失。

Now, assume that your main power supply is in trouble, causing the power outage. However, due to the availability of the backup power supply, the power supply in your home will not be disrupted, and the backup power supply will be automatically activated to ensure the continuity of the power supply and to avoid inconvenience and loss caused by the power outage.

在这个比喻中，备用发电机就像是系统中的高可用性部分。它是一种备份机制，当主系统出现故障时，能够自动接管，保持系统的持续运行。计算机和网络系统中，在高可用性部分指系统能够在出现故障或断电时继续提供服务，通过备份、再生和自动切换等技术手段来保证系统的稳定性和连续性。就像备用发电机保证电力供应不中断一样，可用性高保证系统服务在面临故障时不会中断，提高了系统的稳定性和可信性。

In this metaphor, the back-up generator is a high-availability part of the system. It is a backup mechanism that automatically takes over and sustains the system when the primary system fails. In computer and network systems, the high-availability component refers to the ability of the system to continue to provide services in the event of a malfunction or power outages, guaranteeing the stability and continuity of the system through technical means such as backup, regeneration and automatic switching. Just as backup generators guarantee uninterrupted power supply, high-availability assurance system services are not interrupted in the event of a malfunction, increasing the stability and credibility of the system.

快速结算和跨境交易（Fast Settlement and Cross-Border Transactions）：

Fast Settlement and Cross-Border Transactions:

传统金融系统的跨境交易通常需要相当长的时间和机构的参与，而区块链技术可以加快交易结算过程，减少进入间隙，降低结算成本。

Cross-border transactions in traditional financial systems usually require considerable time and institutional involvement, while block chain technology can speed up the process of settlement of transactions, reduce gaps in entry and reduce settlement costs.

想象一下您正在国外旅行，您在商店购物后使用了您的信用卡付款。通常情况下，信用卡支付可能需要几天时间才能在您的账户中显示，并且可能会因为跨境交易而产生额外的费用和延迟。

Imagine that you are travelling abroad, and you use your credit card payments after shop shopping.

现在，想象有一种神奇的支付方式，让你的交易几乎瞬间完成。当你在商店刷卡付款后，你的账户立即显示支付成功，商店也立即收到了款项。这种支付方式不受地域限制，即使您在国外购物，也可以实现即时结算，而且不会产生额外的边境交易费用。

Now, imagine a magic way of making your transaction almost instantaneously complete. When you pay a store card, your account shows a successful payment, and the store receives the payment immediately. This way of paying is not geographically restricted, and even when you shop abroad, you can settle it instantaneously, and there will be no extra border transaction costs.

在区块链中，快速结算和跨境交易就相当于这个比喻中的支付方式。区块链技术可以支持几乎实时的交易结算，无论断层。当你进行区块链上的交易时，交易几乎立即被快速验证和确认，因此结算可以在短时间内完成。对于跨境交易，区块链可以消除中间银行和汇款流程的繁琐，减少交易的时间和成本，使得全球范围内的交易变得更加紧密这种快速结算和跨境交易的能力是区块链技术的一个重要优势。

In block chains, quick settlements and cross-border transactions are equivalent to the payment modality in this metaphor. Block chain technology can support almost real-time transactions settlements, regardless of faults. When you make transactions on block chains, transactions are almost immediately quickly validated and confirmed, so that settlements can be completed in a short time. For cross-border transactions, block chains can eliminate the cumbersomeness of intermediate banking and remittance processes, reduce the time and cost of transactions, and make global transactions more closely connected to this rapid settlement and cross-border transactions an important advantage of block chain technology.

匿名性与隐私性（Anonymity and Privacy）：

Anonymous and Privacy:

虽然区块链交易数据是公开的，但用户的身份通常是用密钥真实姓名来表示，从而保护了一定的匿名性。然而，这也引发了一些与隐私和合规性相关的问题。

Although block chain transaction data are publicly available, the user's identity is usually expressed by the real name of the key, thereby protecting some anonymity. However, this raises a number of privacy and compliance issues.

想象你正在参加一个大型活动，但你不想让其他人知道你的身份。你穿着面具和伪装，以确保在活动中保持匿名。无论你做什么，其他人都无法直接辨认出你是谁，你的行为和身份都得到了保护。

Imagine you're going to a big event, but you don't want anyone else to know who you are. You wear masks and disguises to make sure you remain anonymous. No matter what you do, no one else can directly identify you, and your behavior and identity are protected.

同样，区块链技术也可以在某种程度上提供匿名性和隐私性。在某些区块链上，你可以创建一个匿名账户，进行交易和互动，而不必知道你的真实身份。这仿若您在活动中佩戴面具，不会让其他人直接认出您。

In some blocks, you can create an anonymous account for transactions and interactions without knowing your true identity.

另一方面，一些区块链技术也关注隐私性，这意味着虽然交易是公开可见的，但相关的身份和详细信息被加密和保护。这就好比你在活动中用伪装保护了你的外貌，让其他人无法轻易看透你的真实情况。

On the other hand, some block chain technologies are also concerned with privacy, which means that, while the transaction is public, the relevant identity and details are encrypted and protected. This is as much as you use a disguise to protect your appearance in your activities so that others are not able to see your true situation easily.

需要注意的是，虽然区块链可以提供一定程度的匿名性和隐私性，但并不是所有区块链都具备这些功能，而且在某些情况下，区块链上的交易仍然可以被追踪和分析。在涉及到法律合规性和监管要求的情况下，隐私性和匿名性可能会受到限制。

It is important to note that, while block chains can provide a degree of anonymity and privacy, not all block chains have these functions and, in some cases, transactions on block chains can still be traced and analysed. Privacy and anonymity may be restricted where legal compliance and regulatory requirements are involved.

共识机制（Consensus Mechanisms）：

Consensus mechanism (Consensus Mechanisms):

区块链网络通过共识机制来决定哪些交易被确认并写入区块链。常见的共识算法包括工作量证明（Proof of Work）和权益证明（Proof of Stake）等。

The block chain network determines which transactions are identified and written into the block chain through a consensus mechanism. Common consensus algorithms include Proof of Work and Proof of Stock, etc.

共识机制是区块链网络中的一种规则或算法，为了使节点节点能够交易的有效性、添加到区块中的顺序以及网络状态等达成一致。它是确保去中心化环境其中，各个参与者都同意并接受相同的数据和状态的关键机制。

The consensus mechanism is a rule or algorithm in the block chain network to allow agreement on the validity of transactions, the order to be added to the block and the network status. It is a key mechanism to ensure that the environment is decentralized in which participants agree and accept the same data and status.

可以通过一个类比来理解共识机制：想象一群人在没有领袖的情况下尝试决定某个问题。共识机制就是一个规则，帮助他们在没有中央决策者的情况下达成共同的决定。不同的共识机制使用不同的方式来确保达成共识，这可能包括投票、随机选择、验证贡献等方式。

Consensus mechanisms can be understood by analogy: imagine a group of people trying to decide an issue without a leader. Consensus mechanisms are a rule that helps them reach common decisions without a central decision maker. Different consensus mechanisms use different ways to ensure consensus, which may include voting, random selection, validation of contributions, etc.

以下是一些常见的共识机制：

The following are some of the common consensus mechanisms:

1. 工作量证明（Proof of Work，PoW）：节点通过解决复杂的数学问题来竞争验证交易并创建新的区块。第一个解出问题的节点将获得权利添加新的区块，但需要大量计算能力和能源。比特币就是使用 PoW 的典型例子。

   workload certification (Proof of Work, PoW): nodes compete to validate transactions and create new blocks by resolving complex mathematical problems. The first node to solve the problem will acquire rights to add new blocks, but will require significant computing capacity and energy. Bitcoin is a typical example of the use of PoW.

2. 权益证明（Proof of Stake，PoS）：节点的权益（通常是虚拟货币）决定了他们被选中了验证交易的权利。持有更多货币的节点更有可能被选中，因为他们有更大的经济激励去维护网络的安全性。以太坊的未来版本计划采用PoS。

   Proof of Stake, PoS: The interests of nodes (usually virtual currencies) determine their right to validate transactions. Nodes with more currencies are more likely to be selected because they have greater economic incentives to maintain network security.

3. 权威证明（Proof of Authority，PoA）：一组预设的权威节点负责验证交易和创建区块。这种机制通常用于终端链或联盟链，其中节点的身份受到授权和监管。

   Authority Certificate (Proof of Authority, PoA): A set of pre-defined authoritative nodes are responsible for verifying transactions and creating blocks. This mechanism is usually used in the terminal or coalition chain, where the identity of the nodes is authorized and regulated.

4. 股份授权（Delegate Proof of Stake，DPoS）：持币者投票选出一组代表来验证交易并创建提高区块。这些代表节点被授权执行网络的任务可以，交易速度和可扩展性。

   shares authorization (Delegate Proof of Stake, DPoS): currency holders vote to select a group of representatives to validate the transaction and create an enhanced block. These nodes are authorized to perform network tasks, speed of transaction and scalability.

5. 旋转算法（Proof of Elapsed Time，PoET）：节点通过等待一个随机的时间间隔来获得区块添加的权利，相当于随机选举。这种方法可用于提高能源效率。

   rotation algorithm (Proof of Elapsed Time, PoET): nodes obtain rights to block additions by waiting for a random interval, which is equivalent to random elections. This method can be used to improve energy efficiency.

这些共识都旨在确保网络的安全性、可靠性和一致性，同时满足不同的需求和技术约束。根据特定区块链的目标和特点选择适当的共识机制。

These are aimed at ensuring the safety, reliability and consistency of the network, while meeting different needs and technical constraints. The selection of appropriate consensus mechanisms is based on the objectives and characteristics of a particular block chain.

总的来说，区块链技术在去中心化、安全性、不可篡改性和智能合约等方面的特点，在金融、供应链、医疗等领域有广泛的应用前景。

In general, the characteristics of block chain technology in terms of decentralisation, security, immeasurability and smart contracts offer a wide range of applications in areas such as finance, supply chains, health care, etc.

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