【肖野】币圈纵横多年，你真的了解比特币吗

（一）什么是比特币

(i) What's Bitcoin?

     比特币（英文名Bitcoin，简称 BTC）自从其诞生那一天起，就注定是一个充满神奇色彩和颇多争议的产物。“比特币”这简单的三个字里就包含了密码学、经济学、政治学、货币学、计算机技术等前沿的理论和技术。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; Bitcoin (English name Bitcoin, or BTC) has been destined to be a magical and controversial product since the day of its birth. The simple word “bitcoin” contains theories and technologies such as cryptography, economics, political science, monetary science, technology.

     从2013年初开始，伴随着价格的疯狂增长，比特币频繁出现在各种科技和主流媒体之上，吸引了很多关注，转眼成为了时下热门的“互联网金融”领域最为神秘的一部分。很多人还在疑惑，比特币究竟是一场颠覆现有金融体系的伟大的互联网金融试验，还是一个由极客主导的庞氏骗局？

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; since the beginning of 2013, along with the frenzy of price growth, Bitcoin has been a frequent feature of various technologies and mainstream media, attracting much attention, turning into the most mysterious part of the popular “ finance.” Many still wonder whether Bitcoin is a great Internet financial experiment to destabilize the existing financial system, or is it a very guest-led ponzi scheme?

     比特币这个概念，最早由中本聪（Satoshi Nakamoto）2008年11月在一个隐秘密码学讨论小组中贴出的一篇研究报告《Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System（比特币：一个点对点的电子现金系统）》中提出。随后，他又开发出最早的比特币发行、交易和账户管理的系统。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; Bitcoin, the concept of which was first introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in November 2008 in a secret code panel study, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (bitcoin: an electronic cash-to-point system). He then developed the earliest bitcoin distribution, trading and account management system.

     随着2009年1月3日中本聪挖掘出第一个区块链（此处说法不对吧，第一个区块不是挖出来的），被称为“上帝区块”，最初的50个比特币宣告问世。那时，谁能够想到，在短短几年时间内，比特币会被这么多人接受和喜欢，会以这么迅速的方式从极客圈走向社会大众，会以这么凶猛的价格增长方式来彰显自己与众不同的魅力呢？

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; as Ben-Sung excavated the first block chain on 3 January 2009, known as “God's block” (which is not true, the first block is not), the first 50 bitcoins were declared dead. At that time, who could have thought that, in a few years, Bitcoin would be accepted and liked by so many people, would move so quickly from the conglomerates to the public, and would show its distinctive charm in such a way that it would grow at such a fierce price?

     自从互联网诞生以来，“数字货币”理念就一直是个热门话题，但面临如何解决伪造和重复支付这一重大挑战。数字货币只是单纯的信息，如何才能避免人们将它轻易地进行复制粘贴，然后随心所欲地进行支付，是至关重要的问题。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; since the birth of the Internet, the concept of “digital money” has been a hot topic, but there is a major challenge to how to address counterfeiting and double payment. Digital money is a simple message, and how to avoid people simply pasting it and then making payments as they please is a crucial question.

    在比特币出现之前，比较常见的解决办法是建立一个中央结算体系，来对所有交易进行实时记账，同时确保人们用完的电子货币不能再重复使用。这种办法需要一个有信誉的第三方机构来管理整个体系。日常生活中的银行系统都是采用这样的中央结算体系。

& nbsp; & nbsp; Prior to the advent of Bitcoin, the more common solution was to establish a central settlement system to account for all transactions in real time, while ensuring that people could not re-use spent electronic currency. This approach required a credible third-party agency to manage the system as a whole. The banking system in daily life uses such a central settlement system.

比特币却通过公开分布式账本（也叫区块链Blockchain）的方法来避免双重支付，完全摒弃了需要第三方机构管理的架构。比特币所有的历史交易都通过区块（block）的方式记录进账本，这个账本并不保存在某个中央服务器，而是全网公开,保存在每个连入比特币网络的计算机上。

Bitcoin avoids double payment by means of a publicly distributed account (also called block chain Blockchain) that completely abandons the architecture that requires management by a third-party agency. All historical transactions in bitcoin are recorded through block (block). The account book is not stored on a central server, but is made publicly available online, on every computer connected to the Bitcoin network.

    当一笔完整的交易指令被发出后，信息就在全比特币网络内快速传播。网络节点开始计算该交易是否有效（即账户余额是否足够支付），并试图生成包含该笔交易信息的块。当累计有6个区块包含该笔交易信息时，才被认为“验证通过”，正式确认交易成功。

& nbsp; & nbsp; The information is quickly disseminated throughout the Bitcoin network when a complete transaction instruction is issued. The network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (i.e. whether the account balance is sufficient to pay) and attempts to generate a block containing the transaction information. Only when the cumulative six blocks contain the transaction information is considered " certified through ", formally confirming the transaction's success.

（二）比特币的供应机制

(ii) Bitcoin supply mechanisms

    新的比特币是通过运行软件的形式制造出来的，从表象上看，这种货币供应机制与金银等贵金属货币的供应机制有一定的类似，因此常被形象的称为“挖矿(Mining)”，而挖矿的人则被称为“矿工（Miner）”；也有人觉得这个创造过程很像游戏里面打金币类似，形象的称之为“打比特币”。

& nbsp; The new bitcoin is made in the form of running software, which appears to be somewhat similar to the supply of precious metals such as gold and silver and is therefore often portrayed as “Mining”, whereas the miner is known as “Miner”; there is also a perception that the process of creation is similar to that of playing gold in the game, known as “bitcoin”.

     挖矿的本质就是争夺记账权。比特币的世界里，每约10分钟会向全网公开账本上记录一个数据块，这个数据块里包含了这10分钟内全球被验证的所有交易。而由确认这个数据块的机会，是需要抢的，每抢到一个新的区块就允许获胜者向自己的账户增加一笔金额作为奖励。如果这10分钟内某个矿工没抢到记账权（原则上每次只能有一个矿工抢到），他就等于白折腾了，重新进入下一轮争抢记账权的过程。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; The essence of mining is to compete for rights to account. In the world of Bitcoin, every 10 minutes a data block is made publicly available to the whole network, which contains all transactions verified globally in 10 minutes. And the opportunity to identify this data block is to be robbed, allowing the winner to add a sum to his own account for each new block. If a miner does not take the rights to account (in principle, only one miner gets it) within 10 minutes, he will be able to go back into the next round of competing rights to account.

     而争夺记账权的办法其实就是大家玩一个叫做哈希的密码学游戏，其具体算法是：SHA-256（一种典型的安全散列算法）。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; and the way to compete for the right to bookkeeping is to play a cryptography game called Hashi, the algorithm being SHA-256 (a typical safety hash algorithm).

由于哈希计算结果的随机性，没有办法优化算法，只能从零开始一直往上运算（即“穷举法”），这时候谁的运算能力大谁就越有机会先找到这个数字。因此“发现”新数据块的可能性是建立在他的计算能力与全网计算能力总和的比较之上的。

Because of the randomness of Hashi's calculations, there is no way to optimize the algorithm, which can only run upwards from scratch (i.e., the “hungry method”), the more likely it is that whoever has the capacity to do so will have the opportunity to find it first. The possibility of “discovering” the new data block is based on a comparison between his computing capacity and that of the whole network.

      在比特币网络中，新币的生产速度是预先设定的。每个交易区块的生成时间保持在10分钟左右，最初每成功抢到一个块的奖励是50个比特币。区块链的规模每达到21万的整数倍（每四年会达到一次），成功抢到块获得的奖励便会减半：先从50个比特币减少至25个，再从25个减到12.5个。以此类推，大约到2140年整个系统将产生 2100万比特币，达到事先设定好的总量上限。之后比特币不再增加，比特币矿工的收益将由转账手续费支付。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; In the Bitcoin network, the rate of production of the new currency is predetermined. Each block is generated for about 10 minutes, with an initial incentive of 50 bitcoins per block. The size of the block chain reaches 210,000 integer times (every four years), and the winning reward is halved: from 50 bitcoins to 25 and from 25 to 12.5. By so doing, the entire system will generate approximately 21 million bits by 2140, reaching a pre-set total ceiling.

（三）比特币的创始人中本聪是谁？

(iii) Who was Benz of Bitcoin's founder?

    直到现在，中本聪的真实身份依然扑朔迷离，无人知晓。有的只是无尽的猜测，虽然有一个日本名字，但他是不是日本人，会不会是一个组织，都难以考证。人们只知道，他至少应该是顶级优秀的算法工程师和程序员。

& nbsp; & nbsp; Until now, the true identity of the middle-brained remains confused and unknown. Some guesses are endless, whether he is Japanese or not, whether he is an organization or not. One only knows that he should be at least the best algorithm engineer and programmer.

     中本聪很少透露自己的信息，网上简介显示他在日本居住，但电子邮箱地址却是来自德国的一个免费服务站点，谷歌上也找不到他的任何信息。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; Nakamoto rarely discloses his information. The online profile shows that he lives in Japan, but the e-mail address is a free service point from Germany, and no information about him can be found on Google.

他之前在网上谈论的话题都只限于源代码技术讨论。2010年12月5日，在比特币使用者开始要求维基解密接受比特币捐赠后，他却比特币论坛里发帖说，“这个项目需要逐步成长，这样软件才能在这个过程中不断增强。我呼吁维基解密不要接受比特币，它还是一个萌芽阶段的小型测试社区。在这个阶段，如果不能妥善处理，只会毁了比特币。”

On December 5, 2010, after Bitcoin users began to ask WitkiLeaks to accept the Bitcoin donation, he wrote at the Bitcoin Forum, “This project needs to grow gradually so that software can grow more and more in the process.” I called on WikiLeaks not to accept Bitcoin, but it is also a small testing community in the bud. At this stage, if not handled properly, it will only destroy Bitcoin.”

     格林威治时间2010年12月12日6点22分，就在他发帖争辩维基解密比特币捐赠问题7天后，中本聪在论坛发了最后一个帖子，帖中谈到软件最新版本几个无关紧要的细节，之后，他就从论坛消失了，他的邮件回复也变得不稳定，最后完全终止了。此后中本聪只与少数几个人保持着联系，作为后来比特币核心开发团队领导人的加文安德烈森（Gavin Andresen）就是其中之一。2011年4月26日，安德烈森告诉比特币开发团队的其他成员：“中本聪今早提议，在公开谈论比特币时，我们应尽量回避‘神秘创始人’这一话题。”随后，中本聪甚至连安德烈森的电子邮件都不再回复了。

After & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; Greenwich Time at 6.22 p.m. on December 12, 2010, seven days after he had debated the issue of WikiLeaks' donation of Bitcoin, Nakaki sent his last post to the Forum, in which he spoke of a few minor details of the latest version of the software, after which he disappeared from the Forum and his mail response became unstable and terminated completely. After that time, only a few people remained in contact, one of which was Gavin Anderson, who was later the leader of the Bitcoin core development team. On April 26, 2011, Anderson told the other members of the Bitcoin development team that: “He had proposed this morning, when talking openly about Bitcoin, we should try to avoid the topic of `mysterious founders'.” Then, he stopped answering even his e-mail.

     神秘的中本聪这下彻底消失了，比特币爱好者对他的离开感到悲伤和不解。而比特币却以强大的生命力继续发展着。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; Mystery Bint has completely disappeared, and bitcoin fans are sad and confused about his departure, while bitcoin continues to develop with great vitality.

  有人为了纪念他，开发了一种以比特币作为投注筹码的博彩小游戏，被命名为“中本聪骰子”（SatoshiDice），这个游戏可以让玩家选择不同的赢面概率下注，完全随机，无法作弊，是比特币爱好者热衷的小游戏。在2013年7月份，这个小游戏已被一位匿名的神秘买家以126315个比特币的价格（当时价值1150万美元）收入囊中，成为比特币行业第一笔大额收购案例。

& nbsp; In memory of him, a little game of play with bitcoin as a chip was developed, named "SatoshiDice", which allows players to choose different odds of winning, completely random, and unable to cheat. In July 2013, this little game became the first big acquisition case in the Bitcoin industry by an anonymous secret buyer at a price of 12,6315 bitcoins (at that time valued at $11.5 million).

     关于中本聪的猜测和遐想，是比特币爱好者颇为感兴趣的话题之一，增加了比特币的神秘感，同时也给阴谋论者提供了很多素材。

& nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; conjecture and conjecture about Chinese bellicose is one of the topics that Bitcoin fans are interested in, adding a sense of bitcoin mystery and providing a lot of material to conspiracists.

现在看来，比特币的发明者中本聪的真实身份可能会一直成为一个谜。

Now it seems that the true identity of the human being among the inventors of Bitcoin may remain a mystery.

文/肖野微SUFA699

Man/Shanowa SUFA 699

（来源：肖野1的财富号 2019-09-19 11:14） [点击查看原文]

(Source: Shashino 1's wealth number 2019-09-19 11:14) [click on original]

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