【区块链】以太坊区块链技术初探
区块链兄弟社区，区块链技术专业问答先行者，中国区块链技术爱好者聚集地
LinApex个人简介
LinApex Personal Profile
奋斗在区块链网络在数字货币交易平台，底层框架设计，区块链钱包，区块链解决方案一线，做过人工智能，金融支付行业，目前正在做一款区块链+黄金的App系统。
Working on the block chain network on the digital currency trading platform, bottom frame design, block chain wallet, block chain solution line, artificial intelligence, financial payment industry, and working on a block chain + gold App system.
连载系列（基于以太坊）
开发系列
Development Series
1、【区块链】以太坊区块链技术初探
1. Initial exploration of the Taewan block chain technology
2、【区块链】以太坊区块链环境搭建
Two. "The Block Chain" is built in the Taiwan Block Chain environment.
3、【区块链】以太坊区块链概念了解
3. Understanding the concept of the Taiyuan block chain
4、【区块链】以太坊区块链技术进阶
4. Technical progress in the Tetsu block chain
源码系列
source series
1、【以太坊源码】编译以太坊源码，打造自己的公链私链
1. Build your own private public chain.
2、【以太坊源码】以太坊源码研究系列（以太坊模拟机、挖矿、点对点网络库、节点发现、合约代码传输、加密签名等）
2- Etheria Source Research Series (Etheria Simulator, Mining, Point-to-Point Network Library, Node Discovery, Contract Code Transfer, Encrypted Signature, etc.)
区块链基本概念
区块链就是通过密码学的方式形成的一个由集体维护的分布式数据库。
The
区块链的概念最近很火，它来自于比特币等加密货币的实现，但是目前，这项技术已经逐步运用在各个领域。什么是区块链技术？为了感性认识这个问题，我们可以使用谷歌地球的例子做类比，ajax不是什么新技术，但组合在一起就成就了产品谷歌地球，与之类似，区块链也不是什么新技术，但与加密解密技术、P2P网络等组合在一起，就诞生了比特币。技术人员，特别是Web开发工程师，学习了解ajax技术最早是被谷歌地球酷炫的效果所吸引。而现在，历史再一次重演，很多人被比特币的疯狂发展所吸引，进而开始研究其背后的技术——区块链。
The concept of block chains has recently been hot, coming from the realization of encrypted currencies such as bitcoin, but this technology is now being applied gradually in various fields. What is block chain technology? For the sake of sensitisation, we can use the example of Google Earth as an analogy. Ajax is not a new technology, but when combined, it is a product Google Earth, and similarly, a block chain, but when combined with encryption declassification techniques, P2P networks, and so on, bitcoins are born.
区块链作为比特币背后的技术，无需中心服务器，可实现各类存储数据公开、透明、可追溯。原本是比特币等加密货币存储数据的一种独特方式，是一种自引用的数据结构，用来存储大量交易信息，每条记录从后向前有序链接起来，具备公开透明、无法篡改、方便追溯的特点。实际上，这种特性也直接体现了整个比特币的特点，因此使用区块链来概括加密货币背后的技术实现是非常直观和恰当的。区块链是一项技术，加密货币是其开发实现的一类产品（含有代币，也有不含代币的区块链产品），不能等同或混淆。与加密货币相比，区块链这个名字抛开了代币的概念，更加形象化、技术化、去政治化，更适合作为一门技术去研究、去推广。
As the technology behind Bitcoin, the block chain, without a central server, allows the various types of stored data to be open, transparent and traceable. It was a unique way to store data in encrypted currency such as Bitcoin. It was a self-referenced data structure that stored a large amount of transactional information, and each record was subsequently linked in an orderly manner, with an open, non-manufactured and easily retraceable character. In practice, this feature also directly reflects the whole bitcoin, so that the use of block chains to summarize the technology behind encrypted money is very straightforward and appropriate.
所以，目前当大家单独说到区块链的时候，就是指的区块链技术，是实现了数据公开、透明、可追溯的产品的架构设计方法，算作广义的区块链。而当在具体产品中谈到区块链的时候，可以指类似比特币的数据存储方式，或许是数据库设计，或许是文件形式的设计，这算作狭义的区块链。广义的区块链技术，必须包含点对点网络设计、加密技术应用、分布式算法的实现、数据存储技术的使用等4个方面，其他的可能涉及到分布式存储、机器学习、VR、物联网、大数据等。狭义的区块链仅仅涉及到数据存储技术，数据库或文件操作等。本文的区块链，指的是广义的区块链。
So, at this point, when you speak of block chains alone, the block chain technology refers to the architecture of open, transparent, and retrospective data products and is calculated as a broad block chain. When you speak of block chains in specific products, you can refer to data storage similar to bitcoin, perhaps database design, or document design, which is a narrow block chain. Broad block chain technology must include four aspects: point-to-point network design, encryption technology application, distribution algorithm realization, use of data storage technology, and others that may relate to distribution storage, machine learning, VR, object networking, large data, etc.
区块链架构
区块链专业名词
1. 特定用户：指按照中国法律法规及政策规定必须要配合融识履行个人信息披露义务的用户。
2. 私钥：由256位随机字符构成，是用户拥有并使用数字代币的核心。
3. 公钥：由私钥借助密码学原理单向推导生成，并用以生成区块链数字钱包地址，数字钱包地址即为公开收款地址。
4. 助记词：符合区块链BIP39 行业标准，由随机算法生成的12（或15/18/21/24）个有序单词组成。是私钥的易记录表现形式，方便用户备份保管。
5. Keystore: 是私钥或助记词经过用户设置的钱包密码加密保存的文件形式，它只存储在您的这台移动设备中，不会同步至融识服务器。
6. 数字代币：指以太坊目前支持的数字代币种类，包括但不限于ETH、DGD等。
7. 个人信息：指以电子或者其他方式记录的能够单独或者与其他信息结合识别用户个人身份的各种信息，包括但不限于自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、个人生物识别信息、住址、电话号码、银行卡号、邮件地址、钱包地址、移动设备信息、操作记录、交易记录等，但不包括用户的钱包密码、私钥、助记词、Keystore。
8. 去中心化：这个系统在最初设定完规则后就可以自主开始在互联网中运行，不依靠中央的服务器和监管机构，每个参与的节点都是平等和自由竞争的。是一种去中心化自治系统(DAC)。
9. 以太坊：以太坊（Ethereum）并不是一个机构，而是一款能够在区块链上实现智能合约、开源的底层系统，以太坊从诞生到2017年5月，短短3年半时间，全球已有200多个以太坊应用诞生。以太坊是一个平台和一种编程语言，使开发人员能够建立和发布下一代分布式应用。 以太坊可以用来编程，分散，担保和交易任何事物：投票，域名，金融交易所，众筹，公司管理， 合同和大部分的协议，知识产权，还有得益于硬件集成的智能资产。
3. Public key: is generated by private key using a passphrase, and is used to generate a digital wallet address of the block chain, which is an open collection address, in accordance with Chinese laws and regulations.
4. Credit: conforms to the BIP39 sector standard of the block chain, consists of 12 (or 15/18/21/24) synonyms generated by random algorithms. Private key: is the core of the user-owned and use of digital tokens.
Public key: is generated by private key using a passphrase and is used to generate a digital wallet address of the block.
, digital wallet address is a public receipt address.
.
待续~
To be continued
以太坊常用网址
Web site
1、以太坊官方网站：https://ethereum.org/
1. Etheria official website: https://ethereum.org/
该网站为以太坊的官方网站，有详细的以太坊介绍和各种连接地址，推荐详细看一看
The website is an official site of the Etherm, with a detailed introduction to the Etherm and various links, and is recommended for a detailed look.
2、以太坊所有源码地址（官方）：https://github.com/ethereum/
2. All source addresses (official): https://github.com/othereum/
该github为以太坊所有项目的源码地址，以及更新和发布。
The github is the source address for all the projects in Taiku, and is updated and published.
3、以太坊Homestead文档地址（官方）：http://www.ethdocs.org/en/latest/index.html
Homestead (official): http://www.ethdocs.org/en/latest/index.html
该网站为以太坊的详细介绍文档，基本包括了以太坊的方方面面，如果有什么不清楚的原理和应用，基本都可以在这里找到答案和线索。
The site provides a detailed introduction to the documents of the Etherm, covering essentially all aspects of the Etherm, where answers and clues can be found if there are any unclear principles and applications.
4、以太坊网络状态地址（官方）：https://ethstats.net/
4. Ethaynet (official): https://ethstats.net/
该网站能全面的显示网络状态，包括节点、难度、算力等等，非常直观
The site provides a comprehensive view of the state of the network, including nodes, difficulties, arithmetic, etc., and is very intuitive.
5、以太坊资源网站（官方）：http://ether.fund/
5. ETA resource website (official): http://other.fund/
该网站提供了以太坊很多应用资源，比如市场情况、合约辅助工具、已发布的智能合约、以太坊网络、DAAP等，方便开发和发布。
The website provides many of the community's applications, such as market conditions, contractual aids, published intellectual contracts, the Ethernonet, DAAP, etc., to facilitate development and dissemination.
6、Solidity编程文档（官方）：http://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
6. Solidity programming documents (official): http://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
该网站提供了以太坊Solidity语言的全面参考手册，学习Solidity语言必备。
The website provides a comprehensive reference manual for learning the language of Solity, which is essential for learning.
7、以太坊网络扫描（官方）：http://etherscan.io/
7 ITO network scanning (official): http://otherscan.io/
该网站提供了以太坊网络的各种状态，比如帐号的详情、TOKEN详情，难度详情、区块详情，非常方便和直观。
The site provides information on the various status of the ETA network, such as account details, TOKEN details, difficulty details, block details, and is very convenient and intuitive.
8、以太坊官方博客：https://blog.ethereum.org/
8. Etheria official blog: https://blog.ethereum.org/
9、以太坊wiki百科地址：https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki
9. Ethiowiki encyclopedia: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki
在这里有白皮书、黄皮书以及开发指南，比较全面。
There are white papers, yellow books and development guides, which are more comprehensive.
10、以太坊中文爱好者网站：http://ethfans.org/
10 Ethay Chinese fan website: http://ethfans.org/
该网站为国内以太坊爱好者自发建立的网站，内容比较全，信息更新很快。
The website is more comprehensive and the information is quickly updated.
11、以太坊的gitter的实时交流网站：https://gitter.im/orgs/ethereum/rooms
11 Ether's Gitter real-time communication website: https://gitter.im/orgs/etheum/rooms
该网站是以太坊的gitter chart的网站，根据项目分了很多房间，只要你提问题，大部分有人回答，很不错，不过只能英语交流。
The site is a gatterchat site in Taiku, and according to the project, a lot of rooms are allocated, and most people answer questions, and it's good, but it can only be shared in English.
12、以太坊的官方论坛：https://forum.ethereum.org/
12. Etheria's official forum: https://forum.ethereum.org/
官方论坛，没什么好说的，我遇到的几个问题，都是在这里找到的答案
The official forum, there's nothing to say. I've got a few questions, and they're all answers here.
13、以太坊第三方强大的IDE：https://live.ether.camp/
13. Ether third party powerful IDE: https://live.ether.camp/
这个是第三方发布的Solidity IDE，我看了一下，很强大，强大到还不太会用，他的目标是企业级IDE，老外用的较多。
This is a third party release of Solidity IDE, and I've seen it, it's strong, it's too strong, it's not very good, he's targeting company-level IDE, it's more used by foreigners.
14、以太坊开发框架Truffle说明书：http://truffle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
14. The Etherm Development Framework Truffle Note: http://truffle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
以太坊目前很流行的开发框架Truffle的说明书，这个框架比较流行。
The Truffle version of the development framework, which is now popular in Ethio, is more popular.
15、以太坊开发框架dapple说明书：http://dapple.readthedocs.io/en/master/
15. Ether Development Framework dapple note: http://dapple.readthedocs.io/en/master/
这个开发框架是在gitter chart上看到的，感觉用的人不多，先观察
This development framework is seen on Gitter Chart. It doesn't feel very useful. Watch first.
16、以太坊官方推荐开发框架Meteor说明书：https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Dapp-using-Meteor
16, Ether's official recommended development framework, Meteor note: https://github.com/etherium/wiki/wiki/Dapp-using-Meteor
这个开发框架是以太坊官方推荐的，写进了以太坊的官方wiki，值得学习，当然，以太坊官方经常转换方向，以后换别的也没准
The development framework, which was recommended by Taiwan officials, was written into the official wiki of Ether, and it is worth learning. Of course, Etheria officials often switch directions, and it's not possible to replace them.
以太坊各个项目说明
describes the projects in Taiku
（一）Go-ethereum项目
开发语言：go语言
Development language: Go language
客户端文件：Geth
Client file: Geth
界面：命令行
Interface: Command Line
适用平台：windows、linux和OSX
Applying platforms: windows, linux and OSX
功能和特点：该项目是使用最广泛的以太坊客户端，大部分节点都是运行的该客户端，教程和例子也最多，推荐使用，可用于挖矿，组建私有链，管理账号，部署智能合约等常用功能，不可以编译智能合约。
Features and characteristics: The project is the most widely used Ether client, and most nodes are run by the client with the largest number of courses and examples, are recommended for use in mining, form private chains, manage accounts, deploy smart contracts, etc., and cannot compile intelligence contracts.
（二）webthree-umbrella项目
此项目包含3个客户端
This item contains 3 clients
开发语言：c++
Development language: c++
客户端文件：AlethZero、Mix和Eth
Client documents: AlethZero, Mix and Eth
使用平台：windows、linux和OSX
Use of platforms: windows, linux and OSX
界面：图形化界面
Interface: Graphical Interface
功能和特点：该项目严格来说是cpp-ethereum 项目的一个shell，是以太坊基金会的前CTO，Gavin Wood主持编写的，所以人气也很高，易用性也很好。AlethZero是图形化的钱包客户端，对应的是Geth的功能，不过是全图形化的。但是随着后续以太坊基金会主推的图形化钱包Mist的推出，渐渐没落。Mix 是智能合约（以太坊称为DAPP）的开发IDE，可以支持智能合约（DAPP）的编写、调试，部署，全图形化界面，但是目前已经停止开发了，开发组转向了Remix。Eth是C++编写的命令行客户端功能和Geth一样。
Features and characteristics: The project is strictly a shell of the cpp-etherium project, which was written by the former CEO of the Taiwan Foundation, Gavin Wood, and is therefore very popular and easy to use. AethZero, a graphical wallet client, corresponds to the function of Geth, but is fully graphical. But with the subsequent introduction of the graphical wallet Mist, which was promoted by the Taihu Foundation. Mix is the development IDE of the Smart Contract (called DaPP), which supports the development, adaptation, deployment and full graphic interface of the Smart Contract (DAPP), the development of which has now been stopped, the development team has turned to Remix. Eth is the command line client function of the C++, which is similar to that of Geth.
（三）Mist项目
(iii) Mist Project
开发语言：JavaScript
Development language: JavaScript
客户端文件：Mist（目前使用Ethereum-Wallet的名称）
Client file: Mist (currently using the name Etherum-Wallet)
使用平台：windows、linux和OSX
Use of platforms: windows, linux and OSX
界面：图形化界面
Interface: Graphical Interface
功能和特点：该项目是以太坊基金会主推的项目，Mist定位不只是一个钱包，而是将来DAPP（智能合约的应用APP）市场，类似于苹果市场，在这里可以有你的账号，可以浏览、发布和买卖以太坊的DAPP应用。目前因为开发还不够全面，名称暂时显示为Ethereum-Wallet，作用也很简单，就是一个钱包的功能。强烈推荐，未来的主流客户端。
Features and characteristics: The project is a project driven by the Taiwan Foundation, and Mist's location is not just a wallet, but a future DAPP (intelligent contract application APP) market, similar to the Apple market, where you can have your account number, which allows you to browse, publish, and buy and sell the DAPP application in Ether. The current development is not comprehensive, and the name is temporarily shown as Etheum-Wallet, and it works simply as a wallet function. It is strongly recommended, the future mainstream client.
（四）solidity项目
(iv)Solidity
开发语言：C++
Development language: C++
客户端文件：solc
Client file: solc
使用平台：windows、linux和OSX
Use of platforms: windows, linux and OSX
界面：命令行界面
Interface: Command Line Interface
功能和特点：该项目是以太坊智能合约（DAPP）的编程语言，使用solc作为编译程序，该项目主要用于编译，严格来说是一个基本的编译平台，一般开发可用MIX替代。
Features and characteristics: The project is programmed in the language of the Taiwan Smart Contract (DAPP) and uses solc as a compilation program. The project is mainly for editing and is, strictly speaking, a basic editing platform that can be replaced by MIX.
（五）browser-solidity项目
开发语言：C++
Development language: C++
客户端文件：浏览器中显示
Client file: displayed in browser
使用平台：windows、linux和OSX
Use of platforms: windows, linux and OSX
界面：浏览器界面
Interface: Browser Interface
功能和特点：该项目是智能合约浏览器版本的开发环境，可以支持在浏览器中直接开发、调试和编译，对于初学者来说，可以快速上手，不需要安装，非常方便，直接访问地址使用：https://ethereum.github.io/browser-solidity/
Features and characteristics: The project is a development environment for the version of the Smart Contract Browser, which can support direct development, debugging and compilation in the browser. For beginners, it can be done quickly, without installation, very easily and with direct access to the address: https://etherium.github.io/browser-solidity/
（六）pyethereum项目和ethereumj项目
(vi) pyetherium and etheeumj projects
pyethereum项目是用Python语言编写的以太坊客户端，ethereumj项目是用Java语言编写的以太坊客户端，只是语言不同，和前面GO语言编写的客户端Geth的功能完全相同。
The pyetheum project is a community client in the Python language, and the etheeumj project is a community client in the Java language, but in different languages, and has the same functionality as the previous GO-language client, Geth.
（七）etheminer项目
(vii)etheminer Project
开发语言：C++
Development language: C++
客户端文件：ethminer
Client file: ethminer
使用平台：windows、linux和OSX
Use of platforms: windows, linux and OSX
界面：命令行
Interface: Command Line
功能和特点：该项目是cpp-ethereum项目的一部分，用于和Geth配合进行GPU挖矿，比CPU挖矿效率高100多倍，也可以用于矿池挖矿
Features and characteristics: This project is part of the cpp-ethereum project, which is used in conjunction with Geth for GPU mining, more than 100 times more efficient than CPU mining, and can also be used in mining ponds
区块链的诞生是为了解决什么问题？
What's the problem with the creation of the block chain?
在支付宝转账的时候，作为用户的你感觉是把你的钱直接打到对方的账户中。但！....事实是这样的：
When paying for the transfer of the treasure, you feel like you're putting your money directly into each other's accounts.
这里的支付宝等公司就是“第三方”，那为什么我们俩转账为什么要有一个“第三方”出现？
So why do we have a "third party" to transfer?
这是阿里巴巴的纪录片《造梦者》中的一段话，ps:下文会多次引用，就可以很好解释“第三方”这个名词，这也是淘宝和支付宝诞生的伊始。换句话说，当时的阿里是被逼做了这个“第三方”，因为当时没有任何一家公司能够担任这样的角色，于是阿里成为了信任的中心，商家和用户因为“信任”，选择把钱给阿里。但是，如果阿里携款潜逃了（尽管不可能...）或者财务运营商出了问题（毕竟是人嘛...）怎么办？如果有一个机器或者一个“超级系统”来做这些事就好了！在互联网技术更新替换了十几年后的今天，区块链出现在我们面前，没错！它就是那个“超级系统"！一个信任的机器。
This is a phrase from Ali Baba’s documentary Dreammaker, ps: The term “third parties” can well be explained by the many quotes that follow. This is the beginning of the discovery of the treasures and the payment treasures. In other words, Ali was forced to perform this “third party” because no company was able to play such a role at the time, so Ali became the centre of trust, and business and users chose to give it to Ali because of “trust.
有了区块链，事情开始变得不一样了。
With a block chain, things are starting to change.
传统中心化的方式：
区块链网络下的”去中心化的方式：
under the block chain network's approach to decentralisation:
在去中心化的网络下，每个用户之间都可以是直接联系的，不再有任何第三方的参与，用户间的转账就像手递手付现金一样，这也是为什么比特币会被称为”电子现金“。
Under decentralized networks, each user can be directly linked, with no involvement of any third party, and transfers between users are like hand-held cash, which is why Bitcoin is called “electronic cash”.
好了，现在A已经把钱转给B了，那么谁来记这笔账呢？之前有支付宝帮我记账对账，会统一存在支付宝后台系统中。为了让所有用户的交易都被记录下来并且账目都是正确的，支付宝会为此付出巨大努力。看看支付宝的初期...
Well, now that A has already transferred the money to B, who's going to take this account? Before I had a paycheck, it'd be in the backstage system. To keep all user transactions on record and the accounts right, the paycheck would go a long way. Look at the beginning of the payout...
每天1000笔的账单，人工对账就已经很痛苦了。以现在支付宝的体量，每天少则几十万的账单，即使是系统对账也难免漏单，并且要付出相应的人力、物力来维护这一套非常复杂的收支清算系统。说了这么多，那区块链是怎么对账的呢？答案是：没有！在区块链的网络中根本不需要对账，零清算，因为区块链中的每一个节点（就是一台计算机或理解为一个用户）自己都有一个账本，这个账本是实时更新的，区块链网络中发生的任何交易都会被记到你自己的账本中，没错，别人的帐你也有，但是你是不知道这个人是谁的，因为他们统一都长这个样子：
A thousand bills a day, a manual reconciliation is already painful. With the amount of money being paid, hundreds of thousands less bills a day, even a system reconciliation is inevitable, and the corresponding human and material resources are required to maintain this very complex system of settlement. So much said, how does the chain reconcile? The answer is: No. There is no need for a check in the network of blocks, zero clearing, because every node in the block chain (that is, a computer or understood as a user) has its own account book, which is updated in real time, and any transaction in the network of blocks is recorded in your own account book, yes, you have another account, but you don't know who this person is, because they all look like this:
0x3c7e7bd1ff2952fbf5a16d0d8b0fc2803162b088
这就意味着，以前由一个中心化的机构帮你记账对账，现在由每一个网络中的参与者帮你记账，大家都有同一个账本。如下图
This means that you are now accounted for by the participants in each network, all of whom have the same account book.
每个人拥有同一个账本，即使你篡改了你自己的账本，让你的账上多了1亿，可是51%以上的账本中你的账户还是1分钱，那就说明你的帐上余额就是1分钱，无法抵赖。当然，如果你能控制网络51%的人在账本中帮你把一分钱变成1亿，你就能获得一亿，但基本上就要动用举国之力了....骚年，你确定你可以？
Everyone has the same account book, and even if you tampered with your own books, you'd get $100 million more, but your account's still a penny in more than 51% of your books, which means your account balance is a penny. Of course, if you control 51% of the network, you'll get $100 million, but basically you'll have to use the power of the nation...
这就是为什么大家说区块链网络是安全的，因为攻击成本太过巨大，打个比方：比特币现在市值80亿美元，如果你想攻破它并得到这80亿美元，你可能要花费200多亿美元......
说了上面这么多其实就是想说明区块链的几个特性：
That's why you say that the block chain network is secure, because the cost of the attack is too great, for example: Bitcoin is now worth $8 billion, and if you want to break it and get the $8 billion, you might have to spend more than $20 billion.
says so much to illustrate a few of the characteristics of the block chain:
- 1. 去中心化，没有第三方中介，一切都由程序来完成。
- 2. 安全性，主要体现在分布式、51%攻击，即使一个节点被攻击或宕机也不会影响网络的运行。
- 3. 最核心的就是：去信任。一切社会行为都要建立在”信任“的基础上，这也是区块链解决的最根本的问题。
Decentralized, without third-party intermediaries, everything is done by process. 2. Security, mainly in distribution, 51% attacks, does not affect the operation of the network even if a node is attacked.
区块链的落地场景
Local scene of the block chain
全球P2P租赁 https://atlant.io/cn/#contribute
Global P2P Lease https://atlant.io/cn/#contribute
京东区块链 https://www.leiphone.com/news/201612/VGtxUJDpj12JswTv.html
Beijing East Block Chain https://www.leiphone.com/news/1612/VGtxUJDpj12JswTv.html
微众银行:贷款清算
中国银联:积分兑换
Ripple:跨境支付
ABRA:跨境支付
Circle:境内外支付
BTCJam:网络借贷
Wave:供应链金融& 贸易金融
Chain:股权交易发行
ShoCard:身份识别
Microbanks: Loan Liquidation
China Silver Union: Stock Exchange
Ripple: Cross-border Payments
ABRA: Cross-border Payments
Circle: Internal and External Payments
BTCJam: Network Loans
Wave: Supply Chain Finance & Trade Finance
Chain: Stock Exchange Issue
ShoCard: Identification
技术书籍
Technical book
《区块链技术指南》 CSDN上必须要设置一个分数，所以弄了最低2分，本来想免费的。
The technical guide to the block chain had to set a score on the CSDN, so a minimum of 2 points had been obtained, which was intended to be free of charge.
文章发布只为分享区块链技术内容，版权归原作者所有，观点仅代表作者本人，绝不代表区块链兄弟赞同其观点或证实其描述。
The
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