数博会聚焦元宇宙合规挑战，专家建议在未来元宇宙中应使用法定货币

21世纪经济报道 记者郭美婷 实习生童佳轩 广州报道

{\bord0\shad0\alphaH3D}Economy report for the 21st century.

自去年Roblox公司冲击“元宇宙第一股”和脸书母公司更名“Meta”，元宇宙概念持续火爆，投资狂热伴随着对科技泡沫的质疑始终不息。而由于缺乏必要的法律规制，元宇宙所带来的法律风险亦逐渐被人们认知。

Since Roblox hit the first share of the dollar universe and Facebook’s alias “Meta” last year, the concept of the meta-cosm has continued to rage, and investment fanaticism has been accompanied by questions about the technology bubble. And the legal risks posed by the meta-cosmos are increasingly being recognized in the absence of the necessary legal regulations.

5月26日，2022数博会“元宇宙”论坛在线上举办。在论坛上，国家信息中心信息化和产业发展部主任单志广表示，元宇宙在我国未来发展面临很多开放创新问题，需要在法律法规、应用、产业各层面上不断优化和完善。针对数字空间中货币使用，单志广提出我国唯一的法定货币——人民币，在未来在元宇宙空间当中作为货币使用中的合法性，同时探讨了元宇宙内数字资产在我国现行法律下的适用性。

On 26 May, the Forum of the 2022th Expo was held online. At the Forum, the Director of the Ministry of Information, Information and Industry Development of the National Information Centre said that it faced many open innovation problems in the future development of the country and needed to be optimized and improved continuously at the legal, applied, and industrial levels. With regard to the use of money in digital space, it raised the question of the legitimacy of the country's only legal currency, the renminbi, in the future as a currency in the space of the metaspace, and discussed the applicability of digital assets in the metacosystem under the laws in force in the country.

在元宇宙中应使用法定货币

The legal currency should be used in the metacosystem.

随着区块链、物联网、人工智能等技术的应用，未来元宇宙将会出现大量的交易需求。在庞大且复杂的元宇宙交易网络中，使用怎样的货币才能保证经济系统的公平，是未来元宇宙发展中面临的重要问题。

With the application of technology such as block chains, object networks, artificial intelligence, etc., there will be a great deal of transaction demand in the future meta-cosm. In a vast and complex meta-cosm network, what kind of currency is used to guarantee the fairness of the economic system is an important issue in the future development of the meta-cosm.

近年来，全球数字货币进入高速发展阶段且增长态势迅猛。以比特币，以太币为代表的加密货币逐渐被大众熟知。凭借区块链的不可篡改特性，加密货币作为元宇宙内的流通货币，有助于保证元宇宙经济体系的安全和稳定。在目前已布局的元宇宙如Decentraland、The sandbox等，用户能够分别使用其原生加密货币MANA币和sand币为其他用户支付工作报酬、购买土地或者交易虚拟商品。玩家可以在虚拟世界里工作，赚取各种虚拟资产收入，虚拟资产可以兑换为法定货币，成为玩家真实的收入来源。加密货币不仅让虚拟资产与实际价值产生了关联，也为用户在虚拟世界的身份、财产以及经济系统运转提供了规则载体。

With the immutable character of the block chain, encrypted currency as a moving currency within the meta-cosmos helps to ensure the security and stability of the meta-cosm economy. In the currently deployed meta-coastals, such as Decentraland, The Sandbox, users are able to pay for their jobs, buy land or trade virtual goods in their original cryptic currencies, respectively. Players can work in the virtual world, earn a variety of virtual assets, convert virtual assets into legal currencies, and become a real source of income for their players.

然而，由于没有信用背书和完善的监管体系，加密货币的资产价值极易波动。仅2021年5月19号至20号，在不到24小时时间内，加密货币投资领域超过48万人爆仓，爆仓额近400亿人民币。

However, in the absence of a credit endorsement and a well-developed regulatory system, the asset value of encrypted money is highly volatile. Between 19 and 20 May 2021 alone, in less than 24 hours, more than 480,000 people in the area of investment in encrypted money exploded, amounting to nearly 40 billion yuan.

中金公司研究部董事总经理钱凯认为，现在大量的数字货币，如比特币、以太坊等加密货币，以及DeFi（去中心化金融）都积极利用了元宇宙底层技术，建立不同的金融体系和商业体系。但同时也暴露出很多问题。由于技术不成熟和监管失位，导致大量的数字货币价格波动非常剧烈。与传统货币有非常完善的信用背书不同，加密货币的信用背书和信用体系并不为人们所认同，加之监管、调控机制缺失，最终导致用户受到大量损失。

According to Chen Kai, the director-general of China’s research department, there are now a large number of digital currencies, such as Bitcoin, Etheria, etc., and DeFi (decentralized finance), which are actively using the technology at the bottom of the meta-cosm to build different financial and commercial systems. But they also reveal a number of problems.

2022年3月，花旗银行发布报告《元宇宙与货币：解密未来》，报告认为未来的元宇宙可能包含更多的数字原生代币，但也包含传统形式的货币。元宇宙中的货币可能以不同的形式存在，如游戏内代币、稳定币、中央银行数字货币(CBDC)和加密货币等。单志广认为，在元宇宙中应该使用法定货币，如果某一个元宇宙仅使用自己的代币，而无法进行广泛的用户间交易，那应该是游戏范畴。

In March 2022, Citibank issued a report, The Dollars and Currency: Decrypting the Future, which suggested that the future meta-cosmos might contain more digital progeny, but also traditional forms of currency. Currency in the meta-cosmos might exist in different forms, such as intra-correspondent currency, stable currency, central bank digital currency (CBDC) and encrypted currency.

“按照现行法律规定，人民币是中国唯一的法定货币。无论是纸币、银行的余额还是数字人民币，未来在元宇宙空间当中作为货币使用都具有合法性。”单志广提到，甚至通过充值或者消费产生用户积分，都要根据人民银行的相关规定使用，积分仅允许支付给管理账户来兑换服务和商品，不能因用户之间互转而产生货币的属性。

“The renminbi is the only legal currency in China, in accordance with the laws in force. Whether it is a bank currency, bank balance, or a digital renminbi, the future use of the currency as a currency in the Won cosmos space is legitimate.” As mentioned, even when user credits are generated through charging or consumption, they are used in accordance with the relevant provisions of the People’s Bank, which allows payments to be made only to management accounts for the exchange of services and goods.

数字资产不可金融化或证券化

Non-financialization or securitization of digital assets

数据资产是元宇宙领域的另一重要概念。

Data assets are another important concept in the metacosystem.

4月20日，杭州互联网法院公布了国内NFT侵权第一案的判决公告，引发广泛关注。法院明确，NFT是一张权益凭证，其作用在于标记物品的归属，这也对数字资产的确权起到了重要的作用。同时，该案对NFT数字作品的性质、NFT交易模式下的行为界定、NFT数字作品交易平台的属性以及责任认定停止侵权的承担方式等方面进行了探索，形成了相应司法审查标准。

On 20 April, the Hangzhou Internet Court published a judgement notice in the domestic NFT Tort case, raising widespread concern. The Court made it clear that NFT is a certificate of interest whose function is to mark the attribution of items, which also plays an important role in ensuring the right to digital assets.

单志广提出，元宇宙中的数字资产分为两类：现实资产凭证和数字资产权益。

Single ambition suggests that digital assets in the meta-cosmos fall into two categories: real asset certificates and digital asset interests.

他认为，资产的确权和所有权均应该由合同协议进行约定，对于现实资产凭证仅限于非国家注册资产，对于数字资产的权益，应该以数据局的形式存在，所以数据资产可转让，可以按照二手商品交易方式进行推动，但是数字资产交割具有灵活性，不能对数字资产进行证券化或者金融化。

In his view, both the true rights and ownership of assets should be agreed upon in a contractual agreement and, in the case of real assets documents limited to non-State registered assets, interests in digital assets should exist in the form of data bureaux, so that the transfer of data assets could be facilitated by second-hand commodity transactions, but the transfer of digital assets was flexible and did not permit securitization or financialization of digital assets.

针对元宇宙内数字资产在我国现行法律下的适用性，单志广指出，以《民法》《刑法》为例，核心问题在于元宇宙内数字资产是否会被现行法律认定为资产，其中存在许多开放问题需进一步厘清。如司法单位、公安、法院是否可以对元宇宙的案件进行立案？元宇宙自有法律机制是否跟中国现行法律存在冲突？元宇宙受到损失和伤害，什么情况下可以依据现有法律进行处理，或是仅在游戏规则下进行解决？这些问题仍需要进一步探讨。

With regard to the applicability of digital assets in the Woncosmos under the laws in force in our country, it is noted that, for example, in the Civil Code and the Penal Code, the central question is whether digital assets in the Woncosmos will be recognized as assets under the laws in force, with many open issues that need to be further clarified. For example, justice units, public security, and whether courts can open cases in the Woncosmos?

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