推动完善区块链产业生态系统
2019年10月，习近平总书记在中央政治局第十八次集体学习时强调，“区块链技术的集成应用在新的技术革新和产业变革中起着重要作用。我们要把区块链作为核心技术自主创新的重要突破口，明确主攻方向，加大投入力度，着力攻克一批关键核心技术，加快推动区块链技术和产业创新发展”。这为我国切实提高运用和管理区块链技术能力，进一步发挥区块链技术在建设网络强国、发展数字经济、助力经济社会发展等方面的重要作用，指明了方向，提供了遵循。
In October 2019, the Secretary-General of Xi Jinping, during the eighteenth collective study of the Central Political Bureau, stressed that “the integration of block-chain technologies plays an important role in new technological innovations and industrial transformations. We need to make block-chains an important entry point for core and autonomous technological innovation. We need to make clear the main thrusts, step up the inputs and accelerate the development of block-chain technology and industrial innovation by focusing on a number of key core technologies. This will enable the country to effectively improve its technical capacity to apply and manage block-chain technologies and further develop the important role of block-chain technologies in building network States, developing the digital economy and contributing to economic and social development.
目前，世界主要国家都在加快布局区块链技术发展，区块链技术的应用已延伸到数字金融、物联网、智能制造、供应链管理、数字资产交易等多个领域。近年来，我国区块链产业发展迅猛，但在技术突破、人才支撑、安全防控等方面仍存在不小挑战。对此，需采取有针对性的措施加以解决，不断完善区块链产业生态系统。
Currently, the world’s leading countries are accelerating the technological development of block chains, whose application extends to digital finance, material networking, smart manufacturing, supply chain management, and digital asset trading. In recent years, the sector chain industry has grown rapidly, but there are still significant challenges in terms of technological breakthroughs, human support, and security controls.
产业生态系统已现雏形
Industrial ecosystems have emerged
当前，我国区块链产业正处于快速发展阶段，区块链产业生态系统初步形成，上游产业布局基本具备，下游产业布局迅速扩展，融合上下游产业的行业服务性产业的布局也在逐步加快。
At present, the sector chain industry in our country is at a rapid stage of development, with the initial formation of the ecosystem of the sector chain industry, the basic configuration of the upstream industry, the rapid expansion of the downstream industry and the gradual acceleration of the layout of the industry service industry, which integrates the upstream and downstream industry.
先看区块链上游产业，这属于区块链产业生态系统的底层技术产业层，主要包括两个方面。一是区块链基础平台。在底层平台中，由于联盟链高度契合了产业间、企业间以及不同部门间的合作需求，且具有更高的安全性和运作效率，更容易在现实场景中落地，因此被业界普遍认为是现阶段最具有应用前景的区块链技术，一些领先企业已经对此进行布局，建设了企业级区块链底层平台。二是区块链硬件设备。这主要是指为用户提供算力和网络带宽的区块链路由器等，我国的区块链硬件设备厂商在全球市场亦表现不俗。
Looking first at the upstream sector of the block chain, which is the bottom technological industrial layer of the block chain ecosystem, there are two main aspects. One is the block chain infrastructure. In the bottom platform, because of the high alignment of the chain with the demands of inter-industry, inter-firm, and inter-sectoral cooperation, and its greater security and operational efficiency, it is more likely to be located in the real landscape, and therefore is widely recognized as the most promising sector chain technology at this stage, which some leading firms have already laid out, building a bottom-of-line platform at the enterprise level. The other is the block chain hardware facility.
再看区块链下游产业，我国“区块链＋”已经在金融、商品溯源、慈善公益等多个领域展开了产业布局。比如，“区块链＋金融”在供应链金融体系、国际结算领域以及征信领域都有较好实践。又如，“区块链＋慈善公益”可以发挥溯源机制，有效增强公益事业信息的透明度，同时能够提高公益资源的运作效率。
For example, the block chain plus finance has good practice in the financial system of supply chains, in international settlements, and in the area of letters. And, for example, the block chain plus charitable public goods can provide a mechanism of traceability that effectively enhances the transparency of information on public goods, while improving the efficiency of the operation of public goods.
还要看到，在区块链产业生态系统中，以安全服务类公司、社群媒体、投融资机构为代表的行业服务性产业，对于加快区块链上下游产业发展和融合也起到了重要作用。
It should also be noted that in the sector chain industry ecosystems, industry-based industries, represented by safety services companies, community media and investment finance institutions, have also played an important role in accelerating industrial development and integration up and down the block chain.
现存的一些问题有待解决
some of the existing problems have yet to be resolved
目前，制约我国区块链产业生态系统发展完善的主要因素有以下几个方面：
At present, the main factors constraining the development of the ecosystem in our block chain industries are the following:
一是区块链技术仍处于发展的初期，基础研究与协同攻关较为薄弱。在区块链产业生态系统的上游产业中，区块链底层技术问题较为突出，比如底层平台的交易效率与安全问题、区块链硬件的计算速度与存储能力问题等。在区块链赋能实体经济的实践中，也存在不少技术难点。如何能让智能合约更有效地反映交易双方的真实意向、如何保障消费者数字资产的安全性，以及如何有效保障实物流、信息流与价值流的“真实统一”等，这都需要在技术层面进行进一步探索。
The first is that block chain technology is still developing at an early stage, and basic research and synergies are weak. In the upstream industries of block chain industries, the bottom of the block chain technical problems are more pronounced, such as trade efficiency and safety issues in bottom platforms, the speed of calculation and storage of block chain hardware, etc. There are also technical difficulties in the practice of enabling physical economies in block chains. How smart contracts can more effectively reflect the true intentions of the parties to the transaction, how to guarantee the safety of consumer digital assets, and how to effectively safeguard the “real harmonization” of physical flows, information flows and value flows need to be further explored at the technical level.
二是区块链领域的人才缺口较大。区块链作为当今科技的前沿领域，产业发展对人才的需求正急剧扩大。但我国区块链人才培养体系建设刚刚起步，仅有少数几所高等院校开设了区块链相关课程，社会再培训体系也较为滞后，亟待打造多种形式的高层次人才培养平台，培育一批领军人物和高水平创新团队。
As a cutting edge in technology today, the demand for talent for industrial development is expanding dramatically. But the development of a system of skills development in the sector has just begun, with only a few institutions of higher learning offering courses on the sector chain, and the social retraining system lagging behind.
三是区块链安全隐患不容忽视，风险防控有待加强。虽然区块链技术集密码学、分布式存储等多项安全控制技术于一身，但其本身仍存在安全漏洞。除了技术风险以外，区块链与实体经济融合的进程中也存在合规风险和投机风险。对此，需加强对区块链技术的引导和规范，加强对区块链安全风险的研究和分析，密切跟踪其发展动态，积极探索建立安全保障体系，推动区块链安全有序发展。
In addition to technological risks, there is also a risk of compliance and speculation in the process of integrating blocks into the real economy. In this regard, there is a need to strengthen the guidance and regulation of block chain technologies, to strengthen research and analysis on the security risks of block chains, to follow closely their development, and to actively explore the establishment of a safety and security system to facilitate the orderly development of the block chain.
四是区块链产业布局需进一步统筹。目前，我国区块链产业发展呈现不平衡态势，各地区的活跃度差异较大，各产业间、各部门间的信息化水平亦不均衡。这种不平衡的发展态势对实现区块链的“共建、共有、共治、共享”理念形成制约，不利于区块链产业生态系统的协同发展。
At present, there is an imbalance in the development of the block chain, which varies considerably from one region to another, and between industries and sectors. This imbalance is a constraint on the realization of the concept of “combining, sharing, sharing, and sharing” of the block chain, which is not conducive to the development of the ecosystem of the block chain industry.
五是区块链产业相关政策法规尚不完善。当前，行业发展还有待规范，这种情况增大了区块链产业发展的风险、降低了产业间的协调性。
The fifth is that the policies and regulations relating to the sector’s chain industry are not yet well developed.
推动发展的主要对策
进一步推动完善区块链产业生态系统，必须从技术创新、人才培养、风险防控、生态协调、产业监管五个方面着手，寻找解决之道。
Further efforts to improve the ecosystem of the sector chain industries must begin with technological innovation, human development, risk prevention, ecological coordination and industrial regulation.
一是全面整合技术创新资源。主要是集聚产学研用多方资源，密切关注国际技术前沿，打造区块链基础研究平台，降低区块链技术应用落地的难度。与此同时，积极鼓励发展开源式区块链项目，高效整合基础技术资源，提高协同创新能力。
At the same time, the development of open-source block-chain projects is being actively encouraged, the efficient integration of basic technological resources and the enhancement of synergistic innovation capabilities.
二是积极构建人才支撑体系。主要是加快构建产学研用一体化的人才培养模式，以高校、科研院所为主体，以企业需求为导向，以科技园区、实训基地为平台，加快培育区块链领域专业人才。同时，鼓励区块链企业创办“企业大学”，以区块链应用推广为抓手，通过向全社会普及区块链应用，搭建社会再培训平台。
The second is the active construction of a system of support for talent. It is aimed primarily at accelerating the construction of an integrated training model for production and research, based on the needs of enterprises and based on science and technology parks and training bases, in order to accelerate the development of specialists in the area of block chains.
三是加快建立产业风险防控体系。首先要提高对区块链安全风险防控的认识，以技术突破化解技术风险；其次要明确区块链产业生态系统面临的主要安全问题，建立各领域的安全防控标准；再次要加快法律制度建设，有效约束各类主体的行为，防范化解潜在风险。
The third is to accelerate the establishment of industrial risk-control systems. First, to raise awareness of the safety risks of the block chain so that technological breakthroughs can be made to address technological risks; secondly, to identify the main safety issues facing the ecosystem of the block chain industry and establish safety and control standards in various areas; and, again, to accelerate the development of legal systems that effectively regulate the behaviour of various subjects and prevent potential risks.
四是全面统筹产业发展布局。从国家层面做好区块链发展的顶层设计和总体规划，明确提出推动区块链发展的总体方案、路线图和时间表；建立各地区、各部门间的区块链产业发展协调机制；加强对各地区块链产业发展的引导，避免“一哄而上”的盲目发展。
The fourth is the comprehensive integration of the industrial development landscape. At the national level, the top-level design and master plan for the development of the block chain should be developed, with a clear outline of the overall programme, road map and timetable for the development of the block chain; a coordination mechanism for the development of the sectoral and inter-sectoral clusters should be established; and guidance should be given to the development of the sector in each region, so as to avoid the blind development of the block chain.
五是推动建立更好适应区块链产业发展的监管体系。要加快相关政策法规的制定，为区块链产业生态系统发展提供法制化环境；推动单向监管和被动监管与区块链产业的自我监管相结合，积极应对新技术变革的潜在风险；鼓励行业机构开展认证服务，为区块链产业监管提供第三方评价，保障区块链产业规范发展。
The fifth is to promote the establishment of regulatory systems that are better adapted to the development of block chain industries. Policy and regulatory frameworks should be expedited to provide a legal environment for the development of the ecosystem in block chain industries; to promote the integration of one-way and passive regulation with self-regulation in block chain industries and to actively address the potential risks of new technological changes; and to encourage industry institutions to develop certification services to provide third-party evaluation of the regulation of block chain industries and to guarantee the development of sector chain industry regulation.
（作者单位：辽宁大学经济学院）
(Subauthor: Faculty of Economics, Liaoning University)
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