区块链的核心技术是什么
小编给大家分享一下区块链的核心技术是什么，相信大部分人都还不怎么了解，因此分享这篇文章给大家参考一下，希望大家阅读完这篇文章后大有收获，下面让我们一起去了解一下吧！
区块链的四大核心技术：1、分布式账本，在区块链中起到了数据的存储作用；2、共识机制，在区块链中起到了统筹节点的行为，明确数据处理的作用；3、密码学，可以保证数据安全，验证数据归属；4、智能合约，在区块链中起到了数据执行与应用的功能。
The four core techniques of the block chain are: (a) distributed books, which serve as data storage in the block chain; (b) consensus mechanisms, which act as integrated nodes in the block chain and clarify data processing; (c) cryptology, which ensures data security and validates data attribution; and (d) smart contracts, which function as data execution and application in the block chain.
本教程操作环境：windows10系统、Dell G3电脑。
The school operating environment: Windows10 system, Dell G3 computer.
其实十年来区块链在原有基础上已经有了很大的变化和进展，截止现阶段经过丰富之后的区块链的四大核心技术——分布式账本，共识机制，密码学以及智能合约，它们在区块链中分别起到了数据的存储，数据的处理，数据的安全，以及数据的应用作用。总的来说，四大核心技术要区块链中各有各的作用，它们共同构建了区块链的基础。
In fact, the blocks chain has evolved considerably over the past decade, with four core technologies – distributed books, consensus mechanisms, cryptography, and smart contracts – which have served to store data, process data, secure data, and apply data in each of the blocks chain. In general, the four core technologies have to function in different parts of the chain, building together the foundations of the blocks chain.
首先，分布式账本构建了区块链的框架，它本质是一个分布式数据库，当一笔数据产生后，经大家处理，就会储存在这个数据库里面，所以分布式账本在区块链中起到了数据存储的作用；
In the first place, distributed accounts construct the framework of the block chain, which is essentially a distributed database in which, when a data is generated and processed, it is stored, so distributed accounts serve as data storage in the block chain;
区块链由众多节点共同组成一个端到端的网络，不存在中心化的设备和管理机构，节点间数据交换通过数字签名技术进行验证，无需人为式的互相信任，只要按照既定的规则进行。节点间也无法欺骗其他节点。因为整个网络都是去中心化的，每个人都是参与者，每个人都有话语权。
The block chain consists of multiple nodes forming an end-to-end network, there is no centralized equipment or regulatory body, and nodal data exchange is validated by digital signature technology without artificial mutual trust, as long as it is done in accordance with established rules. Nodes are not able to deceive other nodes. Because the entire network is decentralized, everyone is a participant and everyone has the right to speak.
其次，因为分布式账本去中心化的特点，决定了区块链网络是一个分布式的结构，每个人都可以自由的加入其中，共同参与数据的记录，但与此同时，就衍生出来令人头疼的“拜占庭将军”问题，即网络中参与的人数越多，全网就越难以达成统一，于是就需要另一套机制来协调全节点账目保持一致，共识机制就制定了一套规则，明确每个人处理数据的途径，并通过争夺记账权的方式来完成节点间的意见统一，最后谁取得记账权，全网就用谁处理的数据。所以共识机制在区块链中起到了统筹节点的行为，明确数据处理的作用。
Secondly, because of the centralization of distributed accounts, the network of blocks is a distributed structure in which everyone can freely join and participate in the recording of data, but at the same time the painful problem of “General Byzantine”, the greater the number of people involved in the network, the more difficult it is for the whole network to achieve uniformity, and the need for another mechanism to coordinate the consistency of the entire node accounts, the mechanism of consensus establishes a set of rules that clarify the way in which each person handles the data and achieves the convergence of views among the nodes by competing for the right to account and, finally, who gets the right to account, the data that the whole network uses. The mechanism of consensus thus acts as an integrated node in the chain, clarifying the role of data processing.
任何人都可以参与到区块链网络，每一台设备都能作为一个节点，每个节点都允许获得一个完整的数据库，节点间都有一套共识机制，通过竞争，计算，共同维护整个区块链，任一节点失效，其余节点仍能正常工作。相当于认可你的游戏规则，比特币有比特币的共识机制，全球认可就可以参与比特币挖矿，因为你认可了它的共识机制，也可理解为认可它的游戏规则。比特币的规则就是进行庞大的运算，谁先算出来就给谁奖励POW。
Anyone can participate in the block chain network, each device can be used as a node, each node allows access to a complete database, and there is a mechanism of consensus between nodes, through competition, calculation, joint maintenance of the entire block chain, with any one section failing, and the rest of the node still working normally. It is equivalent to accepting your rules of the game, with Bitcoin having a consensus mechanism of bitcoin, that global recognition can participate in bitcoin mining, because you have its consensus mechanism, and it can be understood as the rules of the game. Bitcoin’s rules are huge calculations, and anyone who calculates the Pow first.
备注：共识机制跟PoW、PoS、DPoS这些相比，优缺点是什么?
Note: What are the advantages and disadvantages of a consensus mechanism compared to PoW, PoS, DPS?
PoW即工作量证明，这是一种非常巧妙的方法，它的优点是：
PoW, the workload, has proved to be a very clever approach, with the following advantages:
算法简单，容易实现;
The algorithms are simple and easily achievable;
节点间无需交换额外的信息即可达成共识;
Consensus could be reached without the need to exchange additional information between nodes;
破坏系统需要投入极大的成本;
Disruption of the system requires significant costs;
它的缺点也非常明显：
Its shortcomings are also evident:
浪费能源;
Waste of energy;
区块的确认时间难以缩短;
The identification time of blocks is difficult to reduce;
新的区块链必须找到一种不同的散列算法，否则就会面临比特币的算力攻击;
The new block chain must find a different hash algorithm or face an arithmetic attack by bitcoin;
容易产生分叉，需要等待多个确认;
It is easy to create a fork and requires multiple confirmations;
永远没有最终性，需要检查点机制来弥补最终性
There's never a finality. There's a check-point mechanism to make up for it.
PoS即权益证明，它将PoW中的算力改为系统权益，拥有权益越大则成为下一个记账人的概率越大。这种机制的优点是不像Pow那么费电，但是也有不少缺点：
PoS is an entitlement proof that it transforms the arithmetic in the PoW into a system interest, and that the greater the chances of having an interest, the greater the chances of becoming the next account keeper. The advantage of this mechanism is that it is not as expensive as Power, but there are also a number of shortcomings:
没有专业化，拥有权益的参与者未必希望参与记账;
(b) Without specialization, participants with an interest may not want to be involved in the recording;
容易产生分叉，需要等待多个确认;
It is easy to create a fork and requires multiple confirmations;
永远没有最终性，需要检查点机制来弥补最终性;
There will never be a finality, and a check-point mechanism will be needed to compensate for it;
DPoS在PoS的基础上，将记账人的角色专业化，先通过权益来选出记账人，然后记账人之间再轮流记账。这种方式依然没有解决最终性问题。
On the basis of PoS, the DPoS professionalizes the role of the bookkeeper, first selects the bookkeeper through equity and then rotates between the bookkeepers. This does not solve the final problem.
DBFT(delegated BFT)是一种通用的共识机制模块，提出了一种改进的拜占庭容错算法，使其能够适用于区块链系统。
DBFT (dedicated BFT) is a generic consensus mechanism module that proposes an improved Byzantine tolerance error algorithm that can be applied to block chain systems.
DBFT是基于区块链技术的一种协议。用户可以将实体世界的资产和权益进行数字化，通过点对点网络进行登记发行、转让交易、清算交割等金融业务的去中心化网络协议。小蚁上可以发行中国《合同法》、《公司法》认可的公司股权，不仅是数字货币圈，还包括主流互联网金融。小蚁可以被用于股权众筹、P2P网贷、数字资产管理、智能合约等。
DBFT is an agreement based on block-chain technology. Users can digitize the assets and interests of the real world, decentralize network protocols for financial operations such as book-to-point distribution, transfer transactions, liquidation, etc. Small ants can issue corporate shares recognized in China’s Contracts Act, Companies Act, not only in digital money circles, but also in mainstream Internet finance.
这种共识机制是在Castro 和 Liskov提出的“实用拜占庭容错算法”(Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance)的基础上，经过改进后使其能够适用于 区块链系统。拜占庭容错技术被广泛应用在分布式系统中，比如分布式文件系统、分布式协作系统、云计算等。dBFT主要做了以下改进：
This consensus mechanism is based on the “Practical Byzantine Faulttolerance” proposed by Castro and Liskov and has been improved to enable it to apply to block chain systems. Byzantine tolerance techniques are widely applied in distributed systems, such as distributed file systems, distributed collaboration systems, cloud computing, etc. dBFT has made the following major improvements:
将C/S架构的请求响应模式，改进为适合P2P网络的对等节点模式;
The C/S architecture request response model is refined to a peer node model suitable for the P2P network;
将静态的共识参与节点改进为可动态进入、退出的动态共识参与节点;
Improved static consensus participation nodes to dynamic consensus participation nodes that can be dynamically accessed and withdrawn;
为共识参与节点的产生设计了一套基于持有权益比例的投票机制，通过投票决定共识参与节点(记账节点);
A voting mechanism based on the share of ownership was designed for the creation of consensus participation nodes by voting to determine consensus participation nodes (account points);
在区块链中引入数字证书，解决了投票中对记账节点真实身份的认证问题
The introduction of digital certificates in the block chain resolved the question of authentication of the true identity of the booking nodes in the ballot
为什么最终采用一种这样的方案?
Why did eventually adopt such a formula?
答：区块链作为一种分布式账本系统，其内部的经济模型决定了，每一位参与者都可以无需信任其他的参与者，即所谓的去信任。拜占庭将军问题正是描述了参与者之间如何在去信任的情况下达成共识，而拜占庭容错技术正是解决此类问题的方法。此外，区块链的网络环境非常复杂，会面临网络延迟、传输错误、软件错误、安全漏洞、黑客入侵等问题，还有各式各样的恶意节点，而拜占庭容错技术正是可以容忍这些错误的方案。
The question of General Byzantine is exactly how to reach a consensus among the participants, and the Byzantine tolerance technology is the way to solve such problems. Moreover, the network environment in the block chain is very complex, with problems of network delay, transmission errors, software errors, security gaps, hacking, and a variety of malicious nodes, and the Byzantine node is the solution to these mistakes.
dBFT机制，是由权益来选出记账人，然后记账人之间通过拜占庭容错算法来达成共识，这种方式的优点是：
The dBFT mechanism, which is an entitlement to select the account keeper and then to reach consensus among the book keeper through the Byzantine tolerance algorithm, has the advantage of:
专业化的记账人;
Specialized bookkeepers;
可以容忍任何类型的错误;
Any type of error can be tolerated;
记账由多人协同完成，每一个区块都有最终性，不会分叉;
The billing is carried out in a coordinated manner by a number of people, each block being final and not fork;
算法的可靠性有严格的数学证明
The reliability of algorithms is strictly mathematically proven.
缺点：
Disadvantages:
当有1/3或以上记账人停止工作后，系统将无法提供服务;
When one third or more of the bookkeepers stop working, the system will not be able to provide services;
当有1/3或以上记账人联合作恶，且其它所有的记账人被恰好分割为两个网络孤岛时，恶意记账人可以使系统出现分叉，但是会留下密码学证据;
In cases where one third or more of the bookkeepers are involved and all the other bookkeepers are properly divided into two web-based islands, the malignant bookkeeper can divide the system, but leave cipher evidence behind;
以上总结来说，dBFT机制最核心的一点，就是最大限度地确保系统的最终性，使区块链能够适用于真正的金融应用场景。比如我们哥伦布的共识机制DPOS+DBFT的共识机制。如果我们整个节点其中一个人或者一个设备关闭了，那么其他节点仍在正常工作，不会影响整个网络体系。但是如果腾讯的服务器关闭了，那所有人的微信打不开的，因为你没有调取数据的地方了，这就是中心化网络服务器与区块链网络服务器的一个区别。
In conclusion, the most central point of the dBFT mechanism is to maximize the ultimateity of the system so that the block chain can be applied to a true financial application scenario. For example, our Columbus consensus mechanism, DPOS+DBFT, is a consensus mechanism. If one of our entire nodes or one of the devices is off, the rest of the nodes is still working, and it does not affect the network system as a whole. But if the node
此外数据进入分布式数据库中，也不是单纯的打包进来就没事了，底层的数据构架则是由区块链密码学来决定的，打包好的数据块，会通过密码学中哈希函数处理成一个链式的结构，后一个区块包含前一个区块的哈希值，因为哈希算法具有单向性，抗篡改等特点，所以只在区块链网络中，数据一旦上链就不可篡改，且可追溯，另外你的账户也会通过非对称加密的方式进行加密，进而保证了数据的安全，验证了数据的归属。
In addition, the data entered into the distributed database without being simply packaged. The bottom data structure is determined by block chain cryptography. The packaged data blocks are processed into a chain structure through the Hashi function in cryptography, which contains the Hashi values of the former block, because the Hashi algorithm is one-way, anti-false, etc., so that data can only be redacted and retraceable in the network of blocks, and your accounts are encrypted through asymmetric encryption, thereby ensuring the security of the data and verifying their attribution.
单个或多个数据库的修改无法影响其他数据库了。除了超过整个网络51%的数据同时修改，这几乎不可能发生。区块链中的每一笔交易都通过密码学方式与相邻两个区块串联，因此可以追溯到任何一笔交易的前世今生。这里就是区块链的数据结构，区块头和区块体。密码学 哈希值，时间戳，通过时间戳来决定它的顺序，不会打乱。
Individual or multiple database changes cannot affect other databases. This is almost impossible, except for more than 51% of the data in the network at the same time. Each transaction in the block chain is associated with two adjacent blocks by cryptography, so it can be traced back to the previous life of any transaction. This is the data structure of the block chain, the head and the block body.
这个原理运作到我们的商业体系里边，包括商品体系，我们所说的溯源，可以查询到商品在哪里生产的，生产原材料是什么，从后往前一步一步查找到，因为我们在每做一步动作的同时把信息数据写到区块链的体系里，通过这个体系我就可以查找到是不是使用的这个原材料，是不是用这个工艺生产出来的。通过这样一个数据的结构存储达到我们共同相信它，这商品的确是这样生产出来的，相信这是真的。
This principle works in our commercial system, including the commodity system, where we refer to it as retrospective, where the goods are produced, what the raw materials are produced, and we find them step by step, because every step we do, we write the information data into the block chain system, through which I can find out whether the raw materials are being used, whether they are being produced by this process. By storing the structure of the data, we have come to a common belief that it is actually being produced, and believe that it is true.
另外数据无法修改，如果想要修改要达到51%的人才可以，从股权上理解，拥有公司51%的股权在这个公司就有话语权。这只是一个可能性而已。为什么用区块链技术比互联网技术更历害、更安全呢，因为他分布开了，如果你想要去修改里面的数据，作为黑客要找到所有记这个账的计算机，每台计算机都要修改，也许能很快找到其中一台把它改掉，但很难把所有的改掉。
It is also impossible to modify the data, if you want to modify 51 per cent of the population, understand from equity that 51 per cent of the company has a say in the company. This is only a possibility. Why is it more dangerous and safer to use block-chain technology than Internet technology, because it is spread out, if you want to modify the data in it, as hackers, to find all the computers that account for it, each computer to change it, perhaps one of them quickly, but it is difficult to change it all.
区块链里所有的交易信息都是公开的，因此每一笔交易都对所有节点可见，由于节点与节点间是去中心化的，所以节点间无需公开身份，每个节点都是匿名的。比如每台算能机启动后，每台算能机谁启动谁没启动，我们相互间是不知道的，你可以在你家里开启，这里有个多劳多得的问题。
All transactions in the block chain are public, so every transaction is visible to all nodes, because nodes and nodes are decentralised, so there is no need to disclose identities between nodes and nodes, and each node is anonymous. For example, after each computer is activated, we don't know who started it, you can open it in your house.
最后，可以在分布式账本的基础上，搭建应用层面的智能合约。当我们想要解决一些信任问题，可以通过智能合约，将用户间的约定用代码的形式，将条件罗列清楚，并通过程序来执行，而区块链中的数据，则可以通过智能合约进行调用，所以智通合约在区块链中起到了数据执行与应用的功能。
Finally, an application-level smart contract can be built on a distributed account. When we want to solve some trust problems, we can use a smart contract, use a code for a user-to-user engagement, spell out the conditions and execute them through a program, and the data in the block chain can be called through a smart contract, so the intellectual contract functions data execution and application in the block chain.
智能合约可帮助您以透明、无冲突的方式交换金钱、财产、股份或任何有价值的物品，同时避免中间商的服务，甚至说智能合约将在未来取代律师这个职务。通过智能合约方式，资产或货币被转移到程序中，程序运行此代码，并在某个时间点自动验证一个条件，它会自动确定资产是应该去一个人还是回到另一个人，或者应该立即退还给发送它的人或其组合。(自动强制执行，赖不了账)与此同时，分散账本也是存储和复制文件，使其具有一定的安全性和不变性。
Smart contracts can help you exchange money, property, shares, or any valuable items in a transparent and non-conflicted manner, while avoiding the services of intermediaries, even saying that smart contracts will replace lawyers in the future. Through smart contracts, assets or money are transferred to the process, the program runs the code and automatically verifies a condition at a certain point in time that automatically determines whether the asset should go to one person or return to another, or should be returned immediately to the person who sent it or to its combination.
智能合约的特色
Smart Contract Feature
自治——取消中间人和第三方，你是达成协议的人; 没有必要依赖经纪人，律师或其他中间人来确认。顺便提一句，这也消除了第三方操纵的危险，因为执行是由网络自动管理的，而不是由一个或多个可能有偏见的个人可能犯错。
Autonomy — eliminating intermediaries and third parties, you are the person to agree; there is no need to rely on brokers, lawyers or other intermediaries to confirm. By the way, this also eliminates the risk of third-party manipulation, since enforcement is automatically managed by the network and not by one or more potentially biased individuals.
信任——您的文件在共享账本上加密。有人无法说他们失去了它。
Trust -- your file is encrypted on a shared account book. Someone can't say they lost it.
备份——想象一下，如果你的银行失去了你的储蓄账户。在区块链上，你的每一个朋友都有你的背影。您的文档被重复多次。
Backup -- imagine, if your bank loses your savings account. On the block chain, every friend of yours has your back. Your file is repeated several times.
安全——密码学，网站加密，保证您的文件安全。没有黑客攻击。事实上，这需要一个非常聪明的黑客来破解代码并渗透。
Security -- cryptology, web encryption, secure your files. No hacking. In fact, it requires a very smart hacker to decipher the code and infiltrate.
速度——您通常不得不花费大量的时间和文书工作来手动处理文档。智能合约使用软件代码来自动执行任务，从而缩短了一系列业务流程的时间。
Speed -- you usually have to spend a lot of time and paperwork manually processing documents.
储蓄节省成本——智能合约可以节省您的资金，因为他们淘汰了中间人。举例来说，你必须付公证人见证你的交易。
Savings saves costs. Smart contracts save your money because they eliminate middlemen. For example, you have to pay a notary to witness your deal.
准确性——自动化合同不仅更快，更便宜，而且还避免了手工填写表格所产生的错误。
Accuracy - Automated contracts are not only faster and cheaper, but also avoid errors arising from manual forms.
描述智能合约的最佳方式是将该技术与自动售货机进行比较。通常，你会去找律师或公证人，付钱给他们，等你拿到文件。通过智能合约，您只需将一个比特币放入自动售货机(例如分类账)，并将您的托管，驾驶执照或任何东西放入您的账户。更重要的是，智能合约不仅以与传统合同相同的方式定义协议的规则和处罚，还自动执行这些义务。
The best way to describe an intelligent contract is to compare the technology with an automated machine. Usually, you go to a lawyer or notary, pay them, and wait for you to get the documents.
智能合约与区块链
Smart Contract and Block Chain
区块链最好的一点是，因为它是一个分散的系统，存在于所有允许的当事方之间，所以不需要支付中间人(中间人)，它可以节省您的时间和冲突。区块链存在问题，但与传统系统相比，它们的评级，无可否认，速度更快，更便宜，更安全，这也是银行和政府转向它们的原因。而利用区块链技术的特性而应用于智能合约，将可以更便捷的提高工作生活中的各种合约。
The best part of the block chain is that, because it is a decentralized system that exists among all permitted parties, there is no need to pay intermediaries (intermediators), which can save you time and conflict. The block chain is problematic, but its ratings are undeniable, faster, cheaper, safer than traditional systems, and that is why banks and governments turn to them.
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