什么是区块链？区块链通俗易懂的解释

区块链技术从比特币起源开始渐渐被人们所发掘，而它出生就自带天赋，公平公正公开。现如今区块链的势头更猛更强，上海大妈们已经开始按捺不住准备进军区块链，那我们今天就来简单又能让人听懂的解释一下区块链是什么?

The block chain technology began to be discovered from Bitcoin’s origins, and it was born with its own talent, fair and open. Now that the block chain is stronger and stronger, Shanghai's mothers have begun to be prepared to enter the military chain, so let us explain it today in a simple and understandable way.

总览

Overview

区块链本质上是一个去中心化的分布式账本数据库在与比特币相关的区块链应用中可使用这一术语，但区块链技术可能并不包含“账本”。其本身是一串使用密码学相关联所产生的数据块，每一个数据块中包含了多次比特币网络交易有效确认的信息。

The block chain is essentially a decentralised distributed account database that can use this term in block chain applications associated with Bitcoin, but the block chain technology may not include “ accountbook & rdquao; itself a series of data blocks generated using cryptography, each containing information validly confirmed by multiple Bitcoin network transactions.

这是区块链的定义，因此要逐步了解区块链，我们需要一步步了解如下东西。

This is the definition of the block chain, and for a step-by-step understanding of the block chain, we need to know the following.

去中心化

Let's go to the center.

先来考虑一个中心化集中式处理的过程。你要在某宝上买一部手机，交易流程是：你将钱打给支付宝-支付宝收款后通知卖家发货-卖家发货-你确认收货-支付宝把钱打给卖家。

Consider a centralized process. You have to buy a mobile phone on a treasure. The deal is: you call the money to pay the money, you tell the seller to deliver the money, the seller to deliver the goods, you confirm the receipt, and you call the money.

图1: 中心化集中式交易模式

Figure 1: Centralized and centralized trading patterns

在这个过程中，虽然你是在和卖家交易，但是这笔交易还牵扯到了除了你和卖家的第三方，即支付宝，你和卖家的交易都是围绕支付宝展开。因此，如果支付宝系统出了问题便会造成这笔交易的失败。并且虽然你只是简单的买了一个手机，但是你和卖家都要向第三方提供多余的信息。因此考虑极端情况，如果支付宝跑路了或者是拿了钱不却不承认你的交易或者是支付宝所在的城市因为开G20把所有人都赶走了(?)，那么你就悲剧了。

In the process, although you are dealing with the seller, the deal has involved you and the seller’s third party, the payment of the treasure. So, if there is a problem with the payment of the treasure system, the transaction will fail. And, while you simply buy a mobile phone, you and the seller will provide the third party with extra information. So, considering extremes, if you run off or take the money and don’t recognize your deal, or if the city where the payment of the treasure is driven away by the G20?

而去中心化的处理方式就要显得简单很多，你只需要和卖家交换钱和手机，然后双方都声称完成了这笔交易，就OK了。

And it's going to be a lot easier to decentralize, you just have to exchange money and cell phones with the seller, and then both parties claim to have done the deal.

可以看出在某些特定情况下，去中心化的处理方式会更便捷，同时也无须担心自己的与交易无关的信息泄漏。

It can be seen that, in certain specific cases, decentralised treatment would be easier without fear of leaking information that is not related to the transaction.

其实如果只考虑两个人的交易并不能把去中心化的好处完全展示出来，设想如果有成千上万笔交易在进行，去中心化的处理方式会节约很多资源，使得整个交易自主化、简单化，并且排除了被中心化代理控制的风险。

Indeed, if the benefits of decentralization are not fully demonstrated by considering only two-person transactions, it is envisaged that, if tens of thousands of transactions were under way, decentralized treatment would save a lot of resources, automate the entire transaction, simplify it and exclude the risk of being controlled by a centralized agent.

去中心化是区块链技术的颠覆性特点，它无需中心化代理，实现了一种点对点的直接交互，使得高效率、大规模、无中心化代理的信息交互方式成为了现实。

Decentralization is a subversive feature of block chain technology that does not require a centralizing agent, which enables a direct point-to-point interaction that makes efficient, large-scale, non-centralized proxy information interaction a reality.

当然，上述的例子有一个很大的潜在问题：没有了权威的中心化代理，怎样保证每笔交易的准确性和有效性呢?比如：如果没有了权威的中心化代理，张三某一天借了我100块钱，但是不还钱还不承认怎么办?这里就引出了区块链的其它特性。

Of course, there is a great potential problem with the above example: how can the accuracy and validity of each transaction be ensured without a central agent of authority? For example, without a central agent of authority, Zhang San lent me $100 a day, but did not pay back what to do? This brings out the other characteristics of the block chain.

两个基础难题

Two basic dilemmas.

在去中心化以后，整个系统中没有了权威的中心化代理，信息的可信度和准确性便会面临问题。

When decentralized, there is no centralizing agent of authority throughout the system, and the credibility and accuracy of information is at stake.

问题1：类两军问题

Question 1: The bi-military issue

第一次听说这个问题居然是在TCP的课上，大致说的是有两个相距很远的军队要传递信息，红军派遣一个信使去跟蓝军说：“你他娘的把意大利炮拿出来!”。蓝军收到信息后又派了一个信使去红军说：“收到指令!”。然后红军又派一个信使去蓝军说：“知道你收到指令了!”。然后蓝军又派一个信使去红军说：“知道你知道我收到指令了!”。然后红军又派一个信使去蓝军说：“知道你知道我知道你收到指令了!”……然后就没完没了了。

The first time I heard of the problem was in TCP class, it was said that two distant armies were sending messages, and the Red Army sent a messenger to the Blue Army: “ you fucking took the Italian gun out! ” and the Blue Army sent another messenger to the Red Army after receiving the message: “ received the instruction! &rdquao; then the Red Army sent another messenger to the Blue Army: “ knew you received the instruction! ” knew you received the instruction! ” … and then it was not over.

图2：在分布式计算中在异步系统和不可靠的通道上达到一致性是不可能的

Figure 2: Consistency on asymmetrical systems and unreliable pathways in distributed calculations is not possible

在这种情况下，因为是点对点的通信，双方不可能在这种情况下达到信息的一致性。严谨一点，就是“在分布式计算上，试图在异步系统和不可靠的通道上达到一致性是不可能的”。

In this case, because of the point-to-point communication, it is not possible for both parties to achieve consistency of information in this case. Strictly, it is & ldquo; in distribution calculations, it is not possible to try to achieve consistency on an asymmetrical system and unreliable corridors & & rdquao;

问题2：拜占庭将军问题

Question 2: General Byzantine

拜占庭罗马帝国在军事行动中，采取将军投票的策略来决定是进攻还是撤退，也就是说如果多数人决定进攻，就上去干。但是军队中如果有奸细(比如将军已经反水故意乱投票，或者传令官叛变擅自修改军令)，那怎么保证最后投票的结果真正反映了忠诚的将军的意愿呢?

In its military operations, the Byzantine Roman Empire uses the tactics of a general’s vote to decide whether to attack or to withdraw, which means that if the majority decides to attack, they go up there. But if there are spies in the army (such as the general has deliberately voted against water, or the summoning officer has changed military orders) how can it be assured that the result of the final vote truly reflects the will of a loyal general?

拜占庭将军问题反映到信息交换领域中来，可以理解为在一个去中心的系统中，有一些节点是坏掉的，它们可能向外界广播错误的信息或者不广播信息，在这种情况下如何验证数据传输的准确性。

The issue of General Byzantine, reflected in the area of information exchange, can be understood to mean that in a system to reach the centre, there are nodes that are broken, that they may broadcast false or non-broadcast information to the outside world, and how to verify the accuracy of data transfers in such cases.

区块链技术的诞生

The birth of block chain technology.

现在让我们来一步一步在去中心化的系统中解决这些问题，见证区块链技术雏形的诞生。

Let us now take a step towards solving these problems in a decentralized system and witness the emergence of the technological prototype of the block chain.

1.我们先来建立一个去中心化的系统，为了方便理解，我们来看一个简单的去中心化借贷模型：如果A借了B 100块钱，这个时候，A在人群中大喊“我是A，我借给了B 100块钱!”，B也在人群中大喊“我是B，A借给了我100块钱!”，此时路人甲乙丙丁都听到了这些消息，因此所有人都在心中默默记下了“A借给了B100块钱”。你看，这个时候一个去中心化的系统就建立起来了，这个系统中不需要银行，也不需要借贷协议和收据，严格来说，甚至不需要人与人长久的信任关系(比如B突然又改口说“我不欠A钱!”，这个时候人民群众就会站出来说“不对，我的小本本上记录了你某天借了A100块钱!”)。

We first came to build a decentralised system, and for ease of understanding, we looked at a simple decentralized lending model: if A borrows B$100, this time A shouts & ldquo in the crowd; I am A, I borrow B$100!&rdquao; B shouts & ldquo in the crowd; B, this is B, A lends me $100! & & rdquo; when the passers-by hears this news, everyone writes & & ldquo; A lends B$100 & & rdquo in the heart, and you see that this time a decentralized system is built and there is no need for banks, no need for loan agreements and receipts, and, strictly speaking, no need for a long-standing relationship of trust with people (such as B suddenly changing & ldquo; I don't owe A! & & rdquo; this time, the people will come forward and say & ldquo; and no, my little book, you borrowed A$100!

图3：去中心化借贷模型

Figure 3: Decentralized lending models

可能你已经发现了，在上述的模型中，所谓的“100块钱”已经不重要了。换句话说，任何东西都可以在这个模型中交换，甚至你可以凭空杜撰一个东西，只要大家承认，你就可以让你杜撰的东西流通。比如：我在人群中高喊一声“我创造了10个查克拉!”，我甚至不需要知道查克拉是什么，也不需要关心世界上是不是真的有查克拉，只要大家都听到，然后在自己的小本本上记下“LaiW3n有10个查克拉”，于是我就真的有100个查克拉了。从此以后，我便可以声称我给了某人1个查克拉，只要路人甲乙丙丁都收到并且承认了这一信息，那我就算完成了这次交易，哪怕世界上没有查克拉。

Perhaps you have discovered that in the above-mentioned model, the so-called & ldquo; 100 bucks & rdquo is irrelevant. In other words, anything can be exchanged in this model, and even you can create something out of nothing, if you admit it. For example: I shouted a & ldquo out of the crowd; I created 10 chaclas! & rdquo; I didn't even need to know what Chakra was, nor did I need to care whether there was any Chakra in the world, as long as everyone heard it and then wrote it down in their little book; LaiW3n had 10 chakras and rdquo; and I really had 100 Chakras. Since then, I can claim that I gave someone a chakra, and as long as Luan has received and admitted this information, I can finish the deal, even if there is no Chakra in the world.

你现在脑海中是不是浮现出了三个字——“比特币”?由于真正的区块链和比特币比我上述的模型复杂太多，细节也丰富太多，因此以下还是以查克拉举例，毕竟本文是Blockchain for Babies.(笑)

Do you have three words in your head now? & mdash; — &ldquao; bitcoin”? Because the true block chain and bitcoin are so much more complex and detailed than the models I have mentioned, the following is the example of Chakra, after all, Blockchain for Babies.

2.假设过了很长一段时间，我凭空创造的查克拉已经在这个系统中流通了起来，大家都开始认可了查克拉。但是这个系统中一共就只有10个查克拉，于是有人动了坏心思，他在人群中高呼“我有10个查克拉!”怎么办?大家是直接在本本上记下他有10个查克拉么，这样不是人人都可以伪造查克拉了么?

Assuming that after a long period of time, the Chakra that I created out of thin air has been in circulation in this system, and that everyone has started to recognize Chakra. But there are only 10 Chakras in this system, and so some of them have bad thoughts, and he shouts in the crowd & ldquao; I have 10 Chakras! & rdquao; what do we do? Everyone writes down in this book that he has 10 Chakras, so everyone can fake Chakras?

为了防止这种现象发生，我决定在我创造查克拉的时候给我的查克拉打上标记(更准确地说，我是给我喊的那句“我创造了10个查克拉”打上标记，比如标记为001)，这样以后在每一笔交易的时候，我在高喊“我给了某某1个查克拉!”的时候，会附加上额外的一句话：“这1个查克拉的来源是记为001的那条记录，我的这句话标记为002!”。我们再抽象一点，某人喊话的内容的格式就变成了：“这句话编号xxx，上一句话的编号是yyy，我给了某某1个查克拉!”，这样就解决了伪造的问题。其实上述模型就变成一个简化的中本聪第一版比特币区块链协议：

In order to prevent this from happening, I decided to mark my Chakra when I created the Chakra (more precisely, I was calling it the & & & & & & & & ; I created 10 & & & & & & & ; marked, for example, 001) so that, in every transaction, I shouted & & & & & ; I gave a certain Chakra! & & & & & quo; I gave an additional sentence to a certain Chakra! & & & & & & ; when I gave an additional sentence: & & & ldquo; the source of this one was the record of 001, which I marked with 002! & & & & & & & Qu; and when we were abstract, the format of the content of someone's call became & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &, ; and then, & & & & & & ; and then, & ; and then, & & & & &, and then, & & & & & & & & & &, & & & & & & & &, & & & & & &,,, ),,,,,, & & & & & & &,,,,,,,,,,, & &, & & & & & & & &,, & & & & & & & & & & & & &

图4：查克拉模型和中本聪第一版区块链协议对比图

Figure 4: Comparative map of the Chakra model and the chain agreement for the first version of Central Ben-Hebon block

好了，看到这里你基本已经能够生动形象又不涉及任何细节地向你的弱智室友解释区块链了。但是也许你的室友是一个有打破沙锅问到底精神求是学子，因此你最好继续准好回答以下这几个问题。

Well, you're pretty much able to visualize here and explain the block chain to your retarded roommate in no detail. But maybe your roommate is one who's got a mind-blowing problem, so you better go ahead and answer the following questions.

1. “凭啥?”

1. & ldquao; Why? & rdquao;

你室友可能会问：“凭啥你喊一句话我就帮你记?我的小本本不要钱么?”。为了激励大家帮我传话和记账，我决定给第一个听到我喊话并且记录在小本本上的人一些奖励：第一个听到我喊话并记录下来的人，你就凭空得到了1个查克拉，这个查克拉是整个系统对你幸苦记账的报酬，而你记录了这句话之后，要马上告诉其它人你已经记录好了，让别人放弃继续记录这句话，并给你自己的记录编号让别人有据可查，然后你再把我的话加上你的记录编号一起喊出来，供下一个人记账。

Your roommate may ask: “ why do you say a word and I'll write it down for you? My little book is free of money? & & & & & & & ;. To inspire people to pass words and bookkeeping, I decided to give the first person to hear my voice and record it: the first person to hear my voice and record it, you get a Chakra, and this Chakra is the reward of the entire system, and you record it, and you tell the others that you've recorded it, let others drop it and give you your own log number so that others can find it, and then you call my words together with your log number, so that the next person can record it.

当这个规则定下以后，这个系统中一定会出现一批人，他们开始竖着耳朵监听周围发出的声音，以抢占第一个记账的权利。对的，你脑海中是不是又浮现出了“比特币挖矿”的字眼?

When this rule is laid down, there must be a group of people in the system who start listening to the sound around their ears in order to seize the first rights to account. Yes, do you have the word & ldquao in your head; bitcoin mining & rdquao;?

值得一提的是，关于比特币挖矿，

It's worth mentioning that about bitcoin mining,

@玲珑邪僧

@Linglong-hoon-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho!

举了一个很形象的例子：

Here's a good example:

单身汪们要找女票，国民岳母说我有好多女儿，这样吧我给你们出点题目，解出一个就给其中一个姑娘的微信号。

The bachelors are looking for a woman's ticket, and the mother-in-law says I have a lot of daughters, so I'll give you a few questions, and I'll give you a small signal to one of the girls.

单身汪们疯狂竞争，想破脑袋去解题。只要其中一只汪解出一道题，就立马得意洋洋地昭告天下，示威全部单身汪，这个姑娘是我的啦，你们放弃吧。其他单身汪们即使不服也没有办法，惆怅懊恼也不是个事儿啊，还是麻溜地立马去解下一道题目吧。这只喜赢姑娘的幸运小汪被岳母认可后还能得到25个货币单位的彩礼，简直人生赢家。

The bachelors compete and try to solve the problem. As long as one of them solves the problem, the whole demonstration will be told, and the girl will be all single. This is mine. You can give up. The other bachelors, even if they can't do it, will not be a problem.

2. “听谁的?”

2. & ldquao; listen to whom? & rdquao;

在这个系统中，如果我和另一个人C几乎同时地喊出一句：“为了艾泽拉斯!”。由于听众所处的位置不同，一定会有人先听到我说的那句话，而另外一些人则先听到C的那句话，如果我们规定只能有一个人说出这句话，那到底这句话是谁说的?

In this system, if I say at almost the same time as another person, C: & ldquao; for Aizelas! & & rdquao; because the audience is in a different position, someone must hear me first, while others hear C first, and if we stipulate that there is only one person to say that, who says that?

如果不加任何条件，那么上述的情况一定会这样发展：一部分人认为这句话是我说的，在听到这句话之后开始记账，之后他们所做的所有事情都是基于这个事实，并且随着这个信息一次次的传下去，这条信息链会越来越深;而另外一群认为是C先说这句话的人，也会按照这样的趋势发展。这样，原本是一条唯一的信息链，在我们喊出“为了艾泽拉斯”这句话之后，分叉了!?

If there were no conditions, the situation would have developed as follows: some people thought that the sentence was what I said, that it began to be taken into account, that everything they did was based on that fact and that the chain of information would grow deeper as the message went on and on and on, and another group of people who thought that it was C, would follow that trend. So, it was the only chain of information that we called & ldquao; for Ezelas & rdquo; and then, for Ezelas & & rdquo?

图5：“区块链”分叉

Figure 5: & ldquao; block chain & rdquao; fork

这会导致怎样的情况呢?按照我们的设想，应该每个人的小本本上记录的东西都是一样的，都是一条可以把所有信息串联起来的链条。但是在这一刻，他们小本本上记录的东西不一样了!这还玩毛啊?以后还怎么确定交易和信息的真实性!?

What happens? As we see it, everyone's little book records the same thing, a chain that links all the information together. But at this point, what they record in their little book is different. This is gross. How do we determine the trueness of the transaction and the information in the future?

为了解决这个问题，我又追加了新的规则：每个人在记录小本本的时候，需要脱鞋然后用脚拿笔，在小本本上用正楷体书写!有了这个规定，由于用脚写字难度很大，每个人至少需要10分钟才能写完，而且由于每个人用脚写字的熟练度不通，写完这句话所用的时间也不同，因此一定会有人先写完然后高呼“我写完了!那句话是LaiW3n喊的!”，这样其它正在写这句话的人便会停笔，然后在小本本上重新开始写“那句话是来文写的，上一句的编号是xxx”。

In order to solve this problem, I have added a new rule: every person needs to take off his shoes and take a pen with his feet, and write it in italics! This rule, which takes at least 10 minutes to write because of the difficulty of writing his or her feet, and because of the lack of proficiency in writing his or her feet and the difference in the time it takes to write his or her words, must have been written first and then shouted & ldquo; I am finished! The phrase is called by LaiW3n! & & rdquo; so that other people who are writing it will stop writing and start writing & ldquao again in the small book; the last one is written by a communication and the last one is numbered xx & rdquao;

如果你对上述我的解决方法感兴趣，你可以对照我上面的比喻去了解以下知识：

If you're interested in my solution as mentioned above, you can look at the following by analogy:

“听谁的”——中本聪破解“拜占庭将军问题”的算法

& ldquo; listen to whose & rdquo; — — & & & mdash; neutron debacle & & ldquo; General Byzantine & & rdquo; algorithm

“在小本本上记录”——比特币挖矿

& ldquo; record & rdquao; — — bitcoin mining in small books

“脱鞋用脚写字”——比特币挖矿难度

& ldquo; foot-writing & rdquao; — — Bitcoin mining difficulties

“脱鞋写字速度”——算力

& ldquo; writing speed & rdquao; — — arithmetic

“新的规则”——工作量证明链

& ldquao; new rules & rdquao; — — workload certification chain

“双花”问题

& ldquao; double flower & rdquao; problem

这个时候你的室友可能又要问：如果我同时宣布我给了A一个查克拉和我给了B一个查克拉，但是我只有一个查克拉，那咋整?是A和B都收到了查克拉还是咋地?

At the same time, your roommate might ask, "If I announce that I gave a Chakra to A and a Chakra to B at the same time, but I only have one Chakra, then how is it that A and B received Chakra or what?"

这个时候你只需要托起他的下巴，温柔地看着他的眼睛，用手刮刮他的鼻子，说：“小妖精，你把这种情况带到上面的规则中去试试?”

All you have to do at this time is lift his jaw, look him in the eye gently, shave his nose with your hands, and say, &ldquao; leprechaun, take this to the rules up there and try it? & rdquao;

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