了解Web3.0概念背后的技术方向
原标题| Web 3.0漫游指南
Original title: Web 3.0 Wandering Guide
在本文中，我们将研究Web3.0，因为它与分布式对等（P2P）文件共享相关。去中心化体系结构相对较新，仍处于开发阶段。同一个词对于不同的群体可能有不同的含义，因此我将首先概述一些一般的概念和定义，以便我们在语义上达成一致。
In this paper, we will study Web3.0 because it is related to the sharing of distributed (P2P) documents. Decentralization is relatively new and still at the development stage. The same term may mean different groups, so I will first outline some general concepts and definitions so that we can agree on semantics.
Web 2.0是Internet的最新版本—它是当今大多数基于Web的应用程序和服务使用的框架，也是大多数用户认为的“Internet”或“network”。
Web 2.0 is the latest version of the Internet - it is the framework for most Web-based applications and services today, and it is what most users consider “Internet” or “network”.
web2.0这个术语是由Tim O’Reilly在网络时代创造的。它粗略地定义了web1.0在移动、社交和云计算领域的创新。这个想法更为微妙，但可以概括为两个主要概念——“服务，而不是打包软件”和“高于单个设备级别的软件”。
The term web 2.0 was created by Tim O'Reilly in the network age. It broadly defines the innovation of web1.0 in mobile, social and cloud computing. The idea is more subtle, but it can be summarized as two main concepts: “services, not packaged software” and “software above the individual equipment level”.
尽管web2.0仍然具有很高的创新价值，特别是在企业中，但是仍然有一些成功的项目从潜在的下一个Internet范例（今天称为web3.0）中涌现出来。它仍处于初级阶段，但许多人认为它是互联网的下一次演进，将成为定义下一个软件时代的框架。
Although web 2.0 still has a high value for innovation, especially in enterprises, there are some successful projects emerging from the potential next Internet example (today known as web3.0). It is still in its early stages, but many believe that it is the next evolution of the Internet and that it will serve as a framework for defining the next software era.
与Web2.0一样，Web3.0的定义也很微妙（仍在开发中，不同的人通常会有不同的定义）。在本文中，我将简单地将web3.0定义为向依赖于对等网络的去中心化网络的过渡，而不是依赖于中心化式基础设施的客户机-服务器网络。我们将更深入地讨论P2P网络的细节，但是让我们首先讨论一下为什么去中心化是有价值的。
Like Web 2.0, the definition of Web3.0 is delicate (which is still being developed, and different people usually have different definitions). In this paper, I will simply define web3.0 as a transition to decentralised networks that rely on peer networks, rather than a client-server network that relies on centralized infrastructure. We will discuss in greater depth the details of the P2P network, but let us first discuss why it is valuable to go down to centralization.
去中心化网络通常具有更好的性能。让我们看一个文件共享的案例。用户a想向用户B发送一个视频文件。在中心化式客户机-服务器网络中，用户的视频文件被上传并下载到服务器，然后用户B下载该文件（然后服务器将其上传）。
Decentralized networks usually have better performance. Let's look at a file-sharing case. Usera wants to send a video file to user B. In a centralized client-server network, the user's video file is uploaded and downloaded to the server, and user B then downloads the file (and then the server uploads it).
性能受用户a的上传速度、用户B的下载速度、服务器的上传下载速度以及双方距离的限制。在纯点对点系统中，文件直接从一个点传输到另一个点。它只受用户a的上传速度、用户B的下载速度和用户之间的距离限制。
Performance is limited by user a's upload speed, user B's download speed, server's upload download speed and distance. In a pure point-to-point system, the file is transmitted directly from one point to another. It is limited only by user a's upload speed, user B's download speed and distance between users.
因此，如果用户和服务器之间的距离很近，并且服务器的上载/下载容量高于用户a和用户B，则性能可能与P2P网络的性能相当。
Thus, if the distance between the user and the server is close and the server has a higher upload/download capacity than user a and user B, the performance may be comparable to that of the P2P network.
然而，随着用户和服务器之间的距离增加和/或服务器的性能降低（例如，由于高需求），客户端-服务器网络的性能将比P2P网络的性能差。
However, as the distance between user and server increases and/or server performance decreases (e.g. due to high demand), the client-server network will have less performance than the P2P network.
去中心化的网络是抗脆弱的——随着额外“压力”的增加，它们变得更强大。随着越来越多的用户（对等方）加入网络，网络性能和可用性实际上将得到提高。在web2.0社交应用中，这体现在“网络效应”上：网络/产品的价值随着网络规模的增加而增加。
Decentralized networks are anti-fragile -- stronger as additional “pressures” increase. Network performance and usability will actually increase as more users (requirers) join the network. In web 2.0 social applications, this is reflected in “network effects”: the value of networks/products increases with the size of the network.
不幸的是，底层基础设施并非如此。随着基于客户机-服务器模式的应用程序越来越流行，应用程序提供商必须增加服务器容量/中心计算以保持性能和可用性。
Unfortunately, this is not the case for bottom infrastructure. As applications based on the client machine-server model become more popular, application providers must increase server capacity/centre computing to maintain performance and usability.
去中心化的网络不需要被信任——相关参与者不需要相互了解或信任，也不需要信任系统的第三方。由于客户机与服务器的关系，web2.0应用程序依赖于中心化式服务器/服务，这意味着用户必须在内部信任这个中央机构（拥有/操作服务器的个人或实体）。
Decentralized networks do not need to be trusted - the participants do not need to understand or trust each other, nor do they need to trust third parties in the system. Because of the client-server relationship, the web 2.0 application relies on a centralised server/service, which means that users must trust the central body (the person or entity that owns/operates the server) internally.
这个中央权力机构有能力单方面确定规则。实际上，这通常表现为围绕数据所有权的冲突。例如，流行的存储和文件共享服务Dropbox使用客户机-服务器模式：用户将数据上传到Dropbox拥有和操作的中心化式服务器，然后从这些服务器下载数据。
This central authority has the power to unilaterally determine rules. In practice, this usually manifests itself as a conflict over ownership of data. For example, the popular storage and file-sharing service Dropbox uses client-server mode: users upload data to central servers owned and operated by Dropbox and download data from these servers.
因此，所有数据都通过Dropbox传输，Dropbox具有读取和复制数据的技术能力。因此，唯一能保护Dropbox用户数据的就是他们相信Dropbox会遵守（而不是更改）用户协议。在去中心化的P2P网络中，没有中心权限。用户是其数据的所有者和操作员，信任在于软件本身（而不是操作员）。
As a result, all data are transmitted through Dropbox, and Dropbox has the technical capacity to read and copy the data. So the only thing that protects Dropbox data is that they believe that Dropbox will comply with (rather than change) the user protocol. In the decentralised P2P network, there is no central authority. The user is the owner and operator of the data, and trust lies in the software itself (not the operator).
去中心化的网络更安全。它的名字是：点对点。数据直接从一个对等点上传，从另一个对等点下载，而不需要中间人（中央服务器）。
Decentralized networks are safer. Its name is " point-to-point ". The data is uploaded directly from one peer, downloaded from another peer, without the need for an intermediary (central server).
这意味着您的数据没有中央机构或保管机构（除非您选择这样做）。此外，当有一个中心权限时，攻击会有更高的动机，因为数据/值被合并了（也就是说，攻击者从一次成功中获得了很多价值）。
This means that there is no central authority or custodian of your data (unless you choose to do so). In addition, when you have a central authority, there is a higher motivation for the attack, because the data/values are combined (i.e., the attackers gain a lot of value from a success).
相反，当数据/值高度分布时，攻击者必须更成功地尝试获取相同大小的值。去中心化降低了攻击者的动机/回报。
Instead, when the data/values are highly distributed, the attacker must try more successfully to obtain values of the same size. Decentralization reduces the motive/reward of the attacker.
在某种程度上，你是对的，但是web2.0中的P2P服务和我们今天构建在web3.0上的P2P服务有一些本质的区别。以2001年首次发布的BitTorrent为例，BitTorrent有三个主要问题（现在可以解决）：没有完全去中心化，缺乏激励模式，代码不可用或不可扩展。
To some extent, you are right, but there are some fundamental differences between the P2P service in web 2.0 and the P2P service that we are building today on web3. For example, BitTorrent, which was first released in 2001, has three main problems (which can now be solved): it is not completely decentralized, there is no incentive model, and the code is not available or unextensible.
BitTorrent（和其他类似的服务）在两个重要方面没有去中心化：它使用中心化式服务器来跟踪对等点和存储内容元数据。尽管已经建立了点到点连接（为了提高性能，即通过增加“播种机”的数量），但是这些连接的实例化需要一个称为跟踪器的特殊服务器，这有助于节点之间的通信。
BitTorrent (and other similar services) has not been decentralized in two important ways: it uses a centralised server to track peer and store content metadata. Although point-to-point connections (i.e., by increasing the number of “seeders”) have been established, their exemplarization requires a special server called a tracker, which facilitates communication between nodes.
跟踪服务器还跟踪文件副本在对等机上的位置，当客户端请求时，哪些副本可用，并帮助协调复制文件的有效传输和重新组装。使用跟踪器会增加服务提供商的成本，并限制用户的隐私/安全。
The tracker also tracks the location of a copy of the file on the peer, which is available when requested by the client, and helps to coordinate the efficient transmission and reassembly of the copy. The use of the tracker increases the cost to the service provider and limits the privacy/security of the user.
BitTorrent将为种子用户提供下载优先级（上传速度更快的种子用户将获得更高的优先级）。然而，除此之外，没有真正的动机来播种或存储文件。由于BitTorrent依赖于种子和文件可用性，因此在没有激励模式的情况下易受攻击。
BitTorrent will provide download priorities for seed users (a higher priority will be given to those who upload more quickly). There is, however, no real incentive to sow or store files. BitTorrent is vulnerable without incentive, as it depends on the availability of seeds and documents.
BitTorrent（和类似的服务）有典的软件可用性问题，这使得很难利用以前的工作。一些例子包括：缺乏良好的文档（或根本没有）、限制性许可（或没有许可）、难以接触点、封闭源代码（或源代码不再存在）、没有开放友好API的实现，以及这些项目与特定用例的紧密集成。
BitTorrent (and similar services) has a well-developed software availability problem, which makes it difficult to take advantage of previous work. Some examples include the lack of good documentation (or none), restrictive licensing (or lack of permission), difficulty of contact points, closed source (or no longer existing) codes, non-open and friendly API realization, and the close integration of these projects with specific cases.
最终，这意味着服务适应和改变用户需求的能力受到严重限制。在许多情况下，这使得不可能处理新的用例。具体来说，BitTorrent已经做了一些改进（与过去相比，它对跟踪器的依赖更少），但它基本上与20年前的服务相同。
In the end, this means that services are severely limited in their ability to adapt to and change user demand. In many cases, this makes it impossible to deal with new cases. In particular, BitTorrent has made some improvements (which, compared to the past, rely less on trackers), but it is basically the same service as it was 20 years ago.
现在让我们继续以文件共享为例来研究Web3.0的特性。今天，您可以构建完全去中心化的P2P应用程序。协议实验室开发了libp2p（用于去中心化传输）和IPFs（用于去中心化存储），是这一领域的领导者。
Today, you can build a completely decentralised P2P application. The protocol lab has developed libp2p (for decentralised transmission) and IPFs (for decentralized storage) as leaders in this area.
具体来说，libp2p的传输协议（通过电路中继和NAT遍历）解决了在没有特殊跟踪服务器的情况下连接两个对等点的问题。此外，IPFs（一种使用内容寻址的去中心化存储服务）允许完全去中心化存储，并且不依赖内容服务器或大量活动/可用对等方来实现文件可用性。
Specifically, the transfer protocol for libp2p (through circuit relays and NAT loops) addresses the problem of connecting two peer points without a special tracking server. Moreover, IPFs (a decentralised storage service using content search) allow for complete centralization and do not rely on content servers or a large number of active/usable counterparts to achieve document availability.
区块链上，矿工通过向客户提供存储来赚钱。相反，客户花费fil来存储或分发数据。对于像BitTorrent这样的服务，这意味着种子程序将在filecoin中存储文件并提供下载，而窃听程序将花费filecoin来访问这些文件。
这种激励结构将增加对播种和存储文件的激励，从而提高用户的可用性和性能。金钱激励也创造了一种实例化合法商业模式的方法。假设文件存储赚钱。
This incentive structure will increase incentives to sow and store files, thereby enhancing user usability and performance. Financial incentives also create a way to exemplify legitimate business models.
在这种情况下，文件的合法所有者（媒体公司）可能愿意参与网络。正如spotify所证明的，用户并不真正关心种子文件的“免费”方面，他们关心的是发现和传播的便利性。
In this case, the legal owner of the document (media company) may be willing to participate in the network. As Potify has shown, users do not really care about the “free” aspects of seed files, and they care about the ease of discovery and dissemination.
最重要的是，协议实验室等实体正在解决软件可用性问题。他们是libp2p、IPFs和filecoin的创始人。所有这三个项目都是开源的，都有最新的文档，并且都有支持（可以联系的团队）。
Most importantly, entities like protocol laboratories are addressing software availability. They are founders of libp2p, IPFs and filecoin.
此外，像libp2p这样的协议是高度模块化的，并且是为通用目的而构建的。这意味着使用libp2p构建的产品具有高度的可伸缩性，并且可以快速更改以满足不断变化的用户需求和新的用例。
Moreover, agreements like libp2p are highly modular and constructed for common purposes. This means that products constructed using libp2p are highly scalable and can be quickly modified to meet changing user needs and new usages.
简而言之，去中心化的P2P应用程序具有许多固有的优势（特别是在性能和安全性方面）。现在我们有了构建强大P2P应用程序的工具和基础设施。
In short, decentralised P2P applications have many inherent advantages (especially in terms of performance and security). We now have the tools and infrastructure to build powerful P2P applications.
文章标题：了解Web3.0概念背后的技术方向
Title of article: https://www.btchangqing.cn/277510.html
更新时间：2021年06月10日
Update: 10/06/2021
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