IT前沿：什么是区块链技术？
区块链（英语：blockchain 或 block chain）是用分布式数据库识别、传播和记载信息的智能化对 […]
Block chain (English: Blockchain or Block Chain) is smart to identify, disseminate and document information using distributed databases [...]
区块链（英语：blockchain 或 block chain）是用分布式数据库识别、传播和记载信息的智能化对等网络, 也称为价值互联网，其本质上是一个去中心化的数据库。区块链被认为是通往互联网第二纪元的革命。中本聪在2008年于《比特币白皮书》中提出“区块链”概念，并在2009年创立了比特币社会网络，开发出第一个区块，即“创世区块”。
The
区块链技术基于去中心化的对等网络，用开源软件把密码学原理、时序数据和共识机制相结合，来保障分布式数据库中各节点的连贯和持续，使信息能即时验证、可追溯、但难以篡改和无法屏蔽，从而创造了一套隐私、高效、安全的共享价值体系。
Block chain technology, based on decentralized peer networks, combines cryptographic principles, time-series data and consensus mechanisms with open-source software to ensure consistency and continuity of nodes in distributed databases, enabling information to be readily validated, traceable, subject to manipulation and unshieldable, thus creating a system of shared values that is private, efficient and secure.
区块链共享价值体系首先被众多的加密货币效仿，并在工作量证明上和算法上进行了改进，如采用权益证明和SCryptc算法。随后，区块链生态系统在全球不断进化，出现了首次代币发售ICO智能合约区块链以太坊；以及“轻所有权、重使用权”的资产代币化共享经济和区块链国家。目前，人们正在利用这一共享价值体系，在各行各业开发去中心化电脑程序，在全球各地构建去中心化自主组织和去中心化自主社区。
The block-chain value-sharing system was first replicated by numerous encrypted currencies and improved in workload certification and algorithms, such as the introduction of equity certificates and SCryptc algorithms. The block-chain ecosystem evolved globally, with the emergence of the ICO smart contract block chain for the first time in a currency; and the asset-sharing economy and block-chain countries of “light ownership, heavy rights of use.” This value-sharing system is being used to develop decentralized computer programs across industries to build decentralized organizations and decentralized autonomous communities around the globe.
『区块链典型特征』
's typical feature of the block chain
- 去中心化：和大数据不同，区块链使用分布式核算和存储，不存在中心化的硬件或管理机构，任意节点的权利和义务都是均等的，系统中的数据块由整个系统中具有维护功能的节点来共同维护。
- 开放性：区块链系统是开放的，除了交易各方的私有信息被加密外，数据对所有人公开，任何人都可以通过公开的接口查询区块链数据和开发相关应用，因此整个系统信息高度透明。
- 自治性：区块链采用基于协商一致的规范和协议（如公开透明的算法）使得整个系统的所有节点能够在去信任的环境自由安全的交换数据，对“人”的信任改成了对机器的信任，任何人为的干预不起作用。
- 信息不可篡改：一旦信息经过验证并添加至区块链，就会永久的存储起来，除非能够同时控制住系统中超过51%的节点，否则单个节点上对数据库的修改是无效的，因此区块链的数据稳定性和可靠性极高。
- 匿名性：由于节点之间的交换遵循固定的算法，其数据交互是无需信任的（区块链中的程序规则会自行判断活动是否有效），交易对手无须通过公开身份的方式让对方自己产生信任，信用可以累积。
- Decentralization: Unlike large data, the block chain uses distributed accounting and storage, there is no centralized hardware or regulatory body, rights and obligations at any point are equal, data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions throughout the system.
- Open: Block chain systems are open, data are open to all except private information of the parties to the transaction are encrypted, data are accessible to all, and anyone can search block data and develop related applications through open interfaces. Autonomy of the entire system is highly transparent. Autonomy: Block chains use consensus-based norms and agreements (e.g. open and transparent algorithms) enables all nodes of the entire system to exchange data that are free and secure in a trusted environment. Information is not encrypted: Once information is authentic and added to the block chain of blocks, it is permanently stored, unless it is able to control at the same time more than 51 per cent of the system.
- 国家货币
『区块链核心技术』
's block chain core technology
区块链解决了交易的信任和安全问题，目前为止有四个技术创新：
The block chain addresses the issues of trust and security in transactions, and so far there are four technological innovations:
第一个叫分布式账本。就是交易记账由分布在不同地方的多个节点共同完成，而且每一个节点都记录的是完整的账目，因此它们都可以参与监督交易合法性，同时也可以共同为其作证。不同于传统的中心化记账方案，没有任何一个节点可以单独记录账目，从而避免了单一记账人被控制或者被贿赂而记假账的可能性。另一方面，由于记账节点足够多，理论上讲除非所有的节点被破坏，否则账目就不会丢失，从而保证了账目数据的安全性。
The first is called Distributive Books. The transaction logs are performed by multiple nodes located in different locations, and each node records complete accounts, so that they can participate in monitoring the legitimacy of the transaction and can testify against it together. Unlike the traditional centralization schemes, there is no single node in which accounts can be recorded separately, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to keep a false account. On the other hand, because of the large number of nodes in the accounts, the accounts would theoretically not be lost unless all nodes were destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounts data.
第二个叫非对称加密和授权技术。存储在区块链上的交易信息是公开的，但是账户身份信息是高度加密的，只有在数据拥有者授权的情况下才能访问到，从而保证了数据的安全和个人的隐私。
The second is called asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. The transaction information stored on the block chain is publicly available, but the account identity information is highly encrypted and accessible only with the authorization of the data owner, thereby ensuring data security and personal privacy.
第三个叫共识机制。就是所有记账节点之间怎么达成共识，去认定一个记录的有效性，这既是认定的手段，也是防止篡改的手段。区块链提出了四种不同的共识机制，适用于不同的应用场景，在效率和安全性之间取得平衡。以比特币为例，采用的是工作量证明，只有在控制了全网超过51%的记账节点的情况下，才有可能伪造出一条不存在的记录。当加入区块链的节点足够多的时候，这基本上不可能，从而杜绝了造假的可能。
The third is called a consensus mechanism. It is a consensus among all the bookkeeping nodes to determine the validity of a record, both as a perceived tool and as a means of preventing tampering. The block chain offers four different consensus mechanisms that apply to different applications, balancing efficiency and security.
第四个叫智能合约。智能合约是基于这些可信的不可篡改的数据，可以自动化的执行一些预先定义好的规则和条款。以保险为例，如果说每个人的信息（包括医疗信息和风险发生的信息）都是真实可信的，那就很容易的在一些标准化的保险产品中，去进行自动化的理赔。
The fourth is called smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these reliable and indeterminable data and allow for automated enforcement of predefined rules and provisions. For example, insurance, if everyone’s information (including medical information and information on the occurrence of risks) is authentic, it is easy to automate claims in some standardized insurance products.
『区块链技术目前应用项目』
's current application of block chain technology
National currency
e-Dinar 是突尼斯共和国政府用区块链技术发行地数字货币。也是第一个国家数字货币。
e-Dinar is the local digital currency issued by the Government of the Republic of Tunisia using block chain technology.
eCFA 是塞内加尔共和国政府用区块链技术发行地数字货币。
eCFA is the local digital currency issued by the Government of the Republic of Senegal using block chain technology.
- 社区货币
Community currency
空卢公司在英国伦敦用区块链发行了东伦敦社区英镑，主要为中小企业提供支付平台。
Airloo issued the East London Community Pound in a block chain in London, United Kingdom, providing payment platforms mainly for small and medium-sized enterprises.
- 私有链
Private chain
商业组织正在为各种应用开发分布式分类账和其他区块链启发的软件。由于这些软件被中心化机构控制，不具有区块链去中心化的属性，被称为私有链 （private blockchains）、区域链或联盟链。
Commercial organizations are developing distributed ledgers and other block-chained software for a variety of applications. As these software are controlled by centralized agencies, they do not possess the decentralised attributes of block chains, known as private chains (private blocks), regional or union chains.
- ICO代币
ICO tokens /ol>
首次代币发售（英语：Initial Coin Offering，简称 ICO），也称为ICO众筹，是用区块链筹集资金，以便开发新型区块链社区的项目。
First-time sales of coins (English: Intiial Coin Offering, ICO), also known as ICO crowd-mobilization, are projects using block chains to raise funds for the development of new block chain communities.
- 非营利组织
- non-profit organization
比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会《基层项目／Level One Project》旨在利用区块链技术帮助世界各地20亿缺乏银行账户的民众。
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grassroots Project/Level One Project aims to use block chain technology to help 2 billion people around the world who lack bank accounts.
联合国世界粮食计划署的《区块建设／Building Blocks》旨在使粮食计划署越来越多的现金扶贫业务更快，更便宜，更安全。“区块建设”于2017年1月在巴基斯坦开展了现场试点工作，将在整个春季继续进行。2017年6月，该项目已经扩大到叙利亚等国，计划在2030年前在全球实现零饥饿。
Building Blocks/Blocks of the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) aims to increase WFP's cash-based pro-poor operations faster, cheaper, and safer. The block building field pilot in Pakistan in January 2017 will continue throughout the spring. In June 2017, the project was extended to countries such as Syria, where zero hunger is planned to be achieved globally by 2030.
『去中心化的社会网络』
'decent social networking'
1.回馈项目（Backfeed project）正在基于区块链分布式自治系统，开发共识主动性创建和分配价值的社会网络。
1. The Backfeed Project is developing a social network of consensus initiatives to create and distribute value based on a block chain distributed self-government system.
2.亚历山大项是一个基于区块链开发的去中心化图书馆网络。
2. Alexander is a network of decentralized libraries based on the development of block chains.
3.它自主（Tezos）是一个根据投票结果，通过电脑程序自我演变来实现区块链自主的开发项目。比特币区块链是一个去中心化的加密货币和支付的金融自主体系。以太坊区块链在前者的基础上增加了去中心化的智能合约的法律自主体系。它自主将在前两者的基础上增加去中心化的电脑程序开发功能，以便创建社会管理自主权体系。
3. Tezos is a project for self-evolving block chains based on voting results. The Bitcoin block chain is a decentralised system of financial autonomy for encrypted money and payments. The Taiku block chain adds a decentralised legal autonomy system for intellectual contracts. It will add a decentralized computer program development function to the former two, in order to create an autonomous system for social management.
区块链目前的情况类似于TCP/IP（1969年出现的技术，30年后应用才全面盛开）或者HTML刚出来的时候找不到落地的应用，除了比特币外，缺乏杀手级应用，比特币只是区块链1.0，而智能合约是2.0，区块链的较高应用是对应到物联网，可以做到实时信用确权。
The current situation in the block chain is similar to that of TCP/IP (the technology that emerged in 1969, which became fully operational after 30 years) or HTML when it first came out could not find landing applications, with the exception of Bitcoin, where there is a lack of killer-level applications, Bitcoin is only a block chain of 1.0, while smart contracts are 2.0, and the higher application of the block chain is a network of recalibrated objects that can provide real-time credit rights.
区块链技术被真正广泛运用还有一段很长的路要走，我个人认为区块链技术是很有前景的领域，值得有兴趣的朋友学习研究。
There is still a long way to go before block chain technology is truly widely used, and I personally believe that block chain technology is a promising area for interested friends to study.
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