ZK预言机：解锁区块链安全性新标杆
作者：ScalingX
在区块链领域，预言机扮演着连接外部数据的至关重要的桥梁，然而传统模型却面临着信任和安全方面的挑战。引入ZK预言机，通过充分利用零知识证明技术，它不仅确保了数据隐私的提升，还直面而解决了信任问题。
区块链技术彻底改革了各行各业，实现了无需中介的安全透明交易。尽管其变革性影响深远，将现实世界的数据融入区块链系统仍是一项持久性挑战。预言机在这个过程中扮演着关键的中介角色，将区块链与外部数据源无缝连接。然而，传统预言机常依赖可信赖的第三方，引发对可靠性和安全性的担忧。
因此，应运而生了一种崭新而充满前景的解决方案，即 ZK预言机。它充分利用零知识证明（ZKP）的强大能力来迎接这些挑战。这种创新方法巧妙地融合了 ZKP 和预言机的优势，在区块链领域确保了更高水平的数据隐私。
什么是预言机？
预言机充当着信任有关的外部来源信息提供者，向链提供来自多个数据库的信息，包括代币价格、交易活动、钱包余额等。预言机提供了应用程序编程接口（API），允许根据真实世界的事件和数据执行计算。简而言之，预言机从多个来源收集、查询、验证和验证数据，并将其传递给智能合约。
然而，传统的预言机网络，如 Chainlink 或 The Graph，通常依赖于抵押机制，要求节点抵押资产以参与。这种方法存在内在限制，尤其是在信任和易受操纵方面。
这就是ZK预言机发挥作用的地方，通过创新地融合 ZKP，有望彻底改变预言机的效率和可信度。
那什么是 ZK预言机？
ZK预言机，即零知识预言机的简称，巧妙地将 ZKP 与智能合约融为一体，构建了一种灵活的链上/链下解决方案。这一创新方法提升了预言机在区块链生态系统中的效率和安全性，实现了成本效益的链下计算和存储。
应对传统预言机的挑战，ZK预言机提供了几个解决方案：
1. 建立自主网络。
2. 提升基础层安全性。
3. 采用 1-of-N 信任模型，确保只要至少一个节点表现如预期，系统功能就能得以保障。
4. 增强去中心化。
5. 高效分配计算能力，旨在最小化浪费。
ZK预言机的显著优势在于在确保传输信息完整性和真实性的同时，保护数据隐私。与传统预言机将数据公开广播到区块链不同，ZK预言机通过提供数据的证据而不暴露数据本身，为其带来了独特的优势。这使得它在需要在透明度和隐私之间保持谨慎平衡的应用场景中表现得尤为出色。
ZK预言机的架构
图片来源于 Gu 和 Nawab
根据 Gu 和 Nawab 的描述，ZK预言机的架构包括以下独特组件：
1. 数据源：这些实体从各种来源（如物联网设备）收集或生成原始数据，充当计算过程的起始点。
2. 链下证明者：这些实体从数据源接收原始数据并进行计算。通过使用zk-SNARK（零知识简洁非交互式知识证明）计算，它们生成用于证明其计算的证据。
3. 消费者：通过智能合约与区块链互动，消费者提交读取和写入请求。他们依赖链下证明者提供的数据和证据来做出明智的决策。
4. 智能合约：负责验证和维护与计算结果和ZK证明数据相关联的摘要，智能合约确保zk证明的完整性。如果发现无效的证明，它们还执行惩罚策略。
利用先进的批处理算法加速 ZK 证明生成
Gu 和 Nawab 提出了一种旨在加速ZK证明生成的批处理算法，该算法同时运用水平和垂直批处理技术。水平批处理将多个证明合并为一个单一的证明，而垂直批处理将相似的计算整合成一个统一的证明。这些策略显著提高了zk证明生成的效率，相较于标准方法，性能提升高达550倍。
实际应用领域
ZK预言机展现了其在各领域的多功能性，具体应用如下：
1. 价格信息源：在DeFi应用中，ZK预言机简化了价格信息源的操作，消除了对区块链上持续更新和昂贵存储的需求。
2. 安全数据源：ZK预言机提供了一个安全途径，可以从不合作方获取数据源。例如，用户可以生成其银行余额的零知识证明，而无需透露敏感细节。这用作去中心化金融部门中获取贷款的抵押，增强了金融交易的信任。
3. 保密投票系统：ZK预言机可应用于保密投票系统，实现可验证的结果而不暴露个体投票。
4. 身份验证：在身份验证场景中，ZK预言机为身份验证提供了有价值的支持。它们验证用户身份，而不泄露其记录中的复杂细节，确保了一种安全和隐私为中心的方法。
5. 供应链系统：ZK预言机促进了对产品真实性的验证，而不泄露专有信息。这种应用确保了供应链流程中的信任和透明度。
构建ZK预言机项目概述
Hyper Oracle
Hyper Oracle 专注于为以太坊区块链打造专属的ZK预言机网络。该系统高效地从每个以太坊区块中提取数据，运用 zkPoS 进行检索，并利用 zkWASM 支持的可编程 zkGraphs 进行数据处理。所采用的方法通过 ZK 技术确保了安全而最小化信任的链下计算。这一创新方法不仅为扩展以太坊智能合约创造了可能性，同时赋予其处理自动化和机器学习等复杂任务的能力。
图片来源于 Hyper Oracle
在2023年1月，Hyper Oracle成功完成一轮融资，共计300万美元，由红杉中国的孵化基金Dao5及其他知名机构和天使投资人联合领投。这笔资金将专注于进一步研究和开发ZK预言机以及区块链基础设施。
Mina Protocol
(0)1Labs，作为 Mina Protocol 生态系统的合作伙伴，正在积极构建一个ZK预言机。Mina 的ZK预言机独特之处在于其独特的两步执行模型，由 zkApps 协调。初始步骤涉及链下验证，确认特定信息和已完成计算的存在。这种链下验证使得在个体机器上进行本地化计算成为可能。
以价格信息源为例——用户可以灵活查询多个可信 API，计算平均价格，并进行复杂的链下操作。通过ZK预言机，用户可以在不产生费用的情况下查询价格，直到达到期望的结果。只有在获得期望的结果后，才会进行链上执行，从而实现更简化和成本效益的架构设计。这种独特的两步执行模型，是ZK预言机在 Mina 上独有的，提供了一种安全与链下数据进行高效交互的强大方法。
Nil Foundation
于2023年8月，流动性质押领域的先驱 Lido Finance 宣布了一项重要计划。该公司透露，将利用Lido Grant 资助 Nil Foundation，这是一家以太坊研究和开发公司，进行ZK预言机的开发。这一战略性合作的明确目标是为 Lido Finance 的会计报告建立信任最小化的健全性检查，最终加强Lido Finance 的流动性。值得注意的是，ZK预言机计算的证明将直接从以太坊虚拟机（EVM）使用 Proof Market 进行签名，Proof Market 是一个最近推出的网关接口，确保所有 EVM 应用程序具备可证明的计算可组合性，标志着该领域的显著进步。
ZK预言机的未来展望
随着ZK预言机在预言机领域崭露头角，仍然存在一些需要解决的挑战。三方握手协议中涉及的源、节点和用户之间的复杂性需要进一步的研究和发展来优化系统。一些团队，如 Mina，正在积极努力解决这些挑战，但这需要时间。
凭借独特的优势和广泛的应用场景，ZK预言机正处于彻底改变区块链系统的前沿。它们有潜力支持无需信任和去中心化的应用，依赖准确可验证的链下数据，标志着区块链技术领域的重大飞跃。ZK预言机的发展之路不仅代表着创新，更是我们重新定义对区块链系统的认知和互动方式。
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