比特币神话破灭，挖矿掘金灰色产业链大起底
作者：陈安庆
大崩盘，郁金香神话破灭
♪ Strangled ♪ Tulip myth ♪ ♪/ strong ♪
比特币暴跌”和“比特币击穿矿机成本价”，两个话题近日分别登上微博热搜榜，阅读量合计接近1亿次。
The topics of Bitcoin's collapse” and “Bitco's cost of punching through the mine machine”, which have been on the microblogging list in recent days, have combined nearly 100 million readings.
比特币矿机也随着币价狂泄，而遭遇“矿难”——部分中小型矿场无奈将矿机转卖清盘。
Bitcoin machines have also suffered “mine troubles” with currency prices — some small and medium-sized mines have been unable to sell them to clear up.
由于比特币价格，已经击穿多个矿机成本价格。国内部分中小型矿场已经无奈将矿机二手转卖清盘。一年前售价高达两万一台的矿机，二手转让价仅为1000多元。
A few small and medium-sized mining sites in the country have been unable to resell them. A year ago, 20,000 machines were sold, and the cost of second-hand transfers was just over 1,000.
部分小型比特币矿场的矿机废弃之后，如小山一般堆在院子里，甚至被人按照废铁的价格称斤来卖。
Some of the mini-bitcoin mine machines have been abandoned, such as small hills, in the yard and even sold at the price of scrap iron.
亏损不少的炒家们一片“哀鸿遍野”。甚至某币圈资深玩家表示，自己的资产已亏损85%以上，宣布“破产”。
Even a senior player in a currency circle said that he had lost more than 85 per cent of his assets and declared himself “insolvency”.
2010年，一份价值25美元的披萨就花掉了买主1万枚比特币，相当于一枚比特币价值0.25美分。七年时间身价暴涨400万倍，使得比特币超过荷兰“郁金香狂热”和英国“南海公司骗局”，成为人类历史上最大的一次资产泡沫。
In 2010, a 25-dollar pizza cost its buyer 10,000 bitcoins, equivalent to 0.25 cents a bitcoin. Seven years of price hikes of 4 million times, making Bitcoin the biggest asset bubble in human history, over the Dutch “Tulip Fever” and the British “South China Company con.”
独立智库——《南方传媒书院》认为，监管缺失则是导致比特币价格泡沫，不断膨胀的重要原因。另外，比特币的优点，被过度夸大产生的价值高估，以及比特币存在的炒家人为市场操控，也是比特币价格泡沫，得以长期存在的重要因素。
The Independent think tank – The Southern Media Library argues that regulatory deficiencies are a major cause of the price bubble and the constant expansion of Bitcoin. Moreover, the advantages of Bitcoin, the overvalued value generated by over-exaggeration, and the market manipulation of the family members of Bitcoin are also important factors in the perpetuation of the Bitcoin price bubble.
陨落的疯狂，比特币挖矿血本无归
"Strong" fell mad, bitcoin digs for nothing.
泡沫，总会被刺破。
Foams, always puncture.
据《每日经济新闻》报道，在比特币“老大哥”颓势影响下，其他较小加密货币跌幅更惨重。在2479个加密货币中，价格在人民币一毛钱以下的有1400个，一分钱以下的有611个。很多“山寨币”、“空气币”价格接近归零，投资者血本无归。
According to Daily Economic News, other smaller encrypted currencies have fallen even more sharply under the influence of Bitcoin’s “Big Brother.” Of the 2,479 encrypted currencies, 1400 are below the RMB and 611 below the RMB. Many of the prices are close to zero, and investors have lost their blood.
比特币（Bitcoin）是一种纯P2P 的虚拟货币，作为一种新生事物，不是真正的货币和商品。2009年1月3日，名为“中本聪”的网友发明了第一枚比特币。
Bitcoin is a pure P2P virtual currency, and as a new thing, it is not a real money or commodity. On January 3, 2009, the first bitcoin was invented by a networker called "Middle-Hear."
尽管只是一种在虚拟空间中用特定算法，挖出来的虚拟货币，但比特币曾经为这些玩家们带来了巨额的收益，而围绕着这一货币，已经形成了一个完整的产业链。
Although it is only a virtual currency that has been dug up in virtual space with a particular algorithm, bitcoin has once generated huge gains for these players and has formed a complete industrial chain around it.
目前，全世界还尚未被任何一个国家接受为法定货币，也不可能成为法定货币，它一没有金银为基础，也没有国家信用担保，倒腾比特币交易的人，风险非常大，可以说几乎没有任何兜底保障。
At present, the world has not yet been accepted as a legal currency by any country, nor can it become a legal currency; it is not based on gold and silver, nor does it have a national credit guarantee; and it is very risky for those dealing in counterbitcoin, and it can be said that there is hardly any safeguards at all.
比特币“矿机”是进行比特币挖矿的设备，可以是普通的电脑，也可以是USB矿机，还可以是专业的ASIC矿机。
Bitcoin “mine machines” are equipment for mining bitcoin, which can be either a common computer or a USB miner or a professional ASIC miner.
比特币“挖矿”，实质上是用计算机解决一项复杂的数学问题，以保证比特币网络分布式记账系统的一致性。
Bitcoin is essentially a computer-based solution to a complex mathematical problem to ensure consistency in the Bitcoin network distribution accounting system.
通俗的说吧，所谓比特币挖矿，就是只要你有一台能够正常工作的电脑，下载比特币“挖矿”软件，安装完成后，开启运行。不需要做任何人工操作，计算机按照设定的算法运算，就可以参与到比特币的发行创造过程中。
In general terms, what is called bitcoin mining is that as long as you have a computer that can work, download bitcoin mining software, and when installed, start running. No one needs to do it, and the computer works according to a set algorithm, you can be involved in the distribution of bitcoin.
说起来简单，但是比特币挖矿其实不容易，说白了这其实是个赌运气的活儿。只有在特定的时间内，按照规则算出正确值，才能获得一枚比特币，而目前算出正确数值，已知的唯一手段就是试错法。
It's easy to say, but it's not easy for Bitcoin to dig, and it's a gambler. Only at a given time, when the right value is calculated according to the rules, can a bitcoin be obtained, and the only known way to calculate the right value is to try it wrong.
“世界矿都”川西康定—比特币掘金者的天堂
World Miners > >
位于川西高原深山里依河而建的比特币“矿场”，成排的工业排风扇是其标志，这里是比特币淘金追逐疯狂的“世界矿都”。
The “mine” of Bitcoin, built by the river in the deep mountains of the Tunxi Plateau, is marked by the rowing of industrial ventors, this is the crazy “world mine” that Bitcoin chases for gold.
全球约有70%的比特币产自于中国，中国大多数比特币产自四川境内——丰富的水电资源和良好的气候条件，挖矿成本低于全球大多数地区。
About 70 per cent of the world's bitcoin is produced from China, most of which is produced from within Sichuan — rich hydropower resources and good weather conditions — and mining costs are lower than in most parts of the globe.
从2008年到2018年的十年间，这里上演了疯狂的挖矿大战。在这所远离喧嚣的深山迷谷中，以万计价的比特币是个暴利行业，上了比特币这条船，就等于走上了致富路。
In the decade from 2008 to 2018, there was a crazy mining war. In the valley of the mountains, far away from the noise, the 10,000-dollar bitcoin was a lucrative business, and on board the boat, the Bitcoin, it was a rich road.
国内的很多比特币“矿场”，一般依附水电站，主要三个原因，一是因为水电站电力充沛，二是临近的水资源，便于矿场使用低成本的水冷系统。三是比特币挖矿机昼夜不停运转，噪音量和发热量都相当大，设在荒芜人烟的水电站附近，没有相关部门查，毕竟安全，也好掩人耳目。
There are many bitcoin “mines” in the country, which are generally dependent on hydroelectric plants for three main reasons, one because of their high power capacity and the other because of their proximity to water resources, which makes it easier for mines to use low-cost water cold systems. The third is that the bitcoins operate round the clock, with considerable noise and heat, and are located in the vicinity of the desolated hydroelectric stations, without the relevant authorities, and are safe and hidden.
所以国内大型比特币矿场，一般都会选择搭建在水电站办公楼附近搭建简易板房，里面林立各种电脑，挖矿。
Thus, the large bitcoin mine in the country usually chooses to build a flat near the office building of the hydroelectric station, with a variety of computers in it to dig for mines.
小水电背后隐藏比特币矿场与矿工
位于川西高原深山比特币“矿场”机房里的大量矿机，各种线路密密麻麻。
A large number of mine machines are located in the deep mountain of Bitcoin's “mine” machinehouse in the Tunxi Plateau, with a wide range of circuits.
在四川在康定市大渡河沿岸，有比特币矿场超过25家，每天约有60000多台比特币“挖矿机”运行。
There are more than 25 Bitcoin mines in Sichuan along the river crossing in Kanding City and approximately 60,000 Bitcoin “diggers” operate every day.
国内很多小水电企业为增加收入，在外输电力指标不足的情况下，乐意将富裕电力，出售给比特币矿场使用，甚至自建比特币矿产，消化多余电力以提高收入，缓解经营压力。
Many small hydropower enterprises in the country are willing to sell rich electricity for use in bitcoin mines, even self-built bitcoin minerals, absorb excess electricity to raise revenue and ease operating pressures, in order to increase revenues, despite inadequate targets for electricity transmission.
缺电的比特币“矿场”和“弃电”的水电站，成就了四川西部康定大渡河“世界矿都”的雅号。
The electricity-deprived “mines” and “discharge” hydroelectric plants in Bitcoin have made the Yakuza of the Konding River in the west of Sichuan.
人们把寻找比特币的过程叫作“挖矿”，参与“挖矿”的人，自然就成了“矿工”。从事比特币“挖矿”工作的中国“矿工”已达8．5万人，人数跃居世界第一。
People call the process of searching for Bitcoin “mining”, and those involved in “mining” naturally become “miners”. The Chinese “miners” who work in Bitcoin “mining” have reached 85,000 people, leapfroging to the top in the world.
“矿工”的任务就是参与争夺记账权，24小时不停地进行计算一个数学题哈希谜题，成功的人，就可以获得全球认可的记账权，这个过程叫做“挖矿”。
The mission of the Miner is to participate in the struggle for rights to bookkeeping, to calculate a mathematical puzzle round the clock, and to obtain globally recognized rights to bookkeeping for successful people, a process called “mining”.
现在，中国只有一些大型团队还坚持“挖矿”，并通过交易平台买卖。然而，一个交易平台，需要维护一定水平的交易量，才可能生存下去，但当它的交易量大到足以谋生，却又会引来黑客攻击。
Today, only large groups in China insist on “mining” and trading through trading platforms. However, a trading platform, which needs to maintain a certain level of trading, is likely to survive, but when it is large enough to make a living, it attracts hacker attacks.
2017年，比特币年涨幅高达13倍。这样一座“金矿”，吸引了无数“淘金者”前来挖矿。“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”为挖到“金矿”，“淘金者”把装备从普通电脑CPU升级成专业的矿机。
In 2017, Bitcoin grew 13 times a year. Such a “gold mine” attracts numerous “gold miners” to dig. “In order to do well, it must be the best of its tools.” To dig up the “gold mine”, the “gold miners” upgraded their equipment from a common computer, CPU, to a specialized miner.
2018年1月2日，互联网金融风险专项整治办工作领导小组下发文件，要求各地引导辖内企业有序退出“挖矿”业务。
On 2 January 2018, the Steering Group of the Special Task Force on Financial Risk Management of the Internet issued a document requesting local firms to withdraw from mining operations in an orderly manner.
互金整治办要求各地整治办填报辖内“挖矿”企业有关情况。具体包括矿机数量、耗电情况等企业基本情况、营业收入、纳税情况等营收情况，以及执行电价、场租情况等享受优惠情况和环保、安检情况。
These include the number of machines, the basics of the company, such as electricity consumption, operating income, taxes, etc., as well as preferential and environmentally friendly conditions such as the execution of electricity prices, rental of premises, etc.
比特币隐忧：洗钱、赌博、黑市、敲诈勒索、非法集资
bitcoin's concerned: money laundering, gambling, black market, extortion, illegal collection of funds
独立智库南方传媒书院认为，目前比特币的危险在于：
According to the Southern Media Court of the Independent think tank, the current danger in Bitcoin lies in:
1，在线博彩
1. Online Gambling
2、暗网黑市
2. The black market on the dark net
3、敲诈勒索
3. Extortion
4、传销吸纳资金
4. Distribution of funds
5、本聪生意
5. Bennett Business
6、非法集资
6. Illegal fund-raising
7、非法众筹
7. Illegal crowd-raising
8、洗钱犯罪
Money-laundering offences
2018年6月底，欧洲警察对暗网进行了史上最大规模的缉毒活动，查获了价值520万美元的比特币和其他加密资产，使用加密货币进行的非法交易和暗网活动，暗流涌动。
At the end of June 2018, the European Police Office (Europol) carried out the largest anti-drug campaign in history against the clandestine network, seizing $5.2 million worth of bitcoin and other encrypted assets, illegal transactions and clandestine network activities using encrypted currency.
比特币的匿名性，被犯罪分子利用，利用比特币进行洗钱交易、毒品武器，会对经济社会造成不利影响。
The anonymity of Bitcoin, which is exploited by criminals, and the use of bitcoin for money-laundering, drug weapons, has a negative impact on the economy and society.
2018年10月，比特币2000亿美元市值悄然蒸发，矿机生意也随之走低。
In October 2018, the market value of the $200 billion in Bitcoin evaporated quietly, leading to a low level of business in mining machines.
“矿场”没给康定市地方带来任何贡献。这些矿机在当地没有任何的税收或其他费用上缴，但大量的外来机器维护人员、密集的矿机和乱拉的电线，以及矿机所产生的噪音和热，对治安、消防、环境都造成了巨大的麻烦。
The “mines” do not make any contribution to the city of Kanding. These machines do not pay any taxes or other charges there, but a large number of external machine maintenance personnel, intensive mining machines and heavy power lines, as well as noise and heat generated by mining machines, cause enormous problems for security, fire protection, and the environment.
地方政府，一直想关停他们。但是，国家没有明确的政策要求封禁，地方政府也无法判别他们是不是合法。
Local governments have always wanted to shut them down. However, there is no clear national policy requiring a ban, and local governments are not in a position to judge whether they are legal or not.
实际上，挖矿，不仅面临政府部门变动的监管政策，同时现在因币价大幅度走低，一个机房一万台矿机每月就亏40万元人民币。比特币价格下跌，不仅“矿主们”的日子不好过，销售矿机的日子，也变得惨淡起来。
In fact, mining is not only facing changes in the regulatory policies of the government, but it is now significantly lower in currency terms, with 10,000 machines losing RMB 400,000 a month. Bitcoin prices are falling, not only for the “minepers,” but also for the sale of the machines.
更大的危机——危害中国经济、金融秩序
比特币的根本特征是非主权超国家性，中国政府绝不会承认其货币属性。
The fundamental characteristic of Bitcoin is its non-sovereign supranational character, and the Chinese Government will never recognize its monetary identity.
如果人们继续非理性的预期和盲目的投机，比特币终将会成为一个投机泡沫。当前比特币的最大风险是价格暴涨暴跌，引发的投机风险，投资者盲目跟风容易遭受重大损失。
If irrational expectations and blind speculation continue, Bitcoin will eventually become a speculative bubble. The biggest risk for Bitcoin today is price surges and falls, leading to speculative risks, and investors’ blindness and wind are vulnerable to significant losses.
比特币诈骗案频发。据报道，在香港注册的比特币交易平台GBL负责人携款跑路案，导致1000多投资者损失超2500万元人民币。
Bitcoin frauds are frequent. The case of the head of the Bitcoin trading platform GBL, registered in Hong Kong, reportedly resulted in the loss of more than RMB 25 million to more than 1,000 investors.
同时，目前没有任何机构可以为保存虚拟货币的存储空间，提供安全担保，一旦发生网络攻击，虚拟货币持有人将面临损失。
At the same time, there is currently no institution that can provide security guarantees for the preservation of virtual currency storage space, and virtual currency holders will face losses in the event of cyberattacks.
由于法律地位不明确，交易平台存在脆弱性，易被洗钱等非法交易所利用，比特币已经引起国际社会的广泛关注，并被纳入反洗钱和消费者保护法律框架。
Because of the unclear legal status, the vulnerability of trading platforms and their vulnerability to illegal exchanges, such as money-laundering, Bitcoin has attracted widespread attention from the international community and has been incorporated into the legal framework against money-laundering and consumer protection.
南方传媒书院认为，比特币更巨大危险在于，会引发市场混乱，破坏货币流通秩序，利用虚拟货币购买现实的产品和服务，间接增加了现实世界的货币流通总量，可能导致中国央行对虚拟货币总量无法控制，从而妨碍央行货币政策的实施，甚至可能导致通货膨胀。
According to the Southern Media Court, the greater danger of Bitcoin is that it will cause market disruption, disrupt currency circulation order, use virtual currency to purchase real goods and services, indirectly increase the total volume of currency circulation in the real world, and may result in the central bank of China having no control over the total amount of virtual currency, thus hampering the implementation of central bank monetary policy, and possibly even inflation.
在实际操作中，目前对虚拟货币法律管理缺位，网络技术的不完善，可能使得消费者的合法权益和虚拟财产难以得到有效保障。
In practice, the current lack of regulation of virtual currency laws and inadequate web technology may make it difficult to effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and virtual property.
数字货币交易的盛行，让国家损失了大量税收。同时，虚拟数字货币，也降低了传统银行业影响信贷价格的能力。
The prevalence of digital currency transactions has led to significant tax losses for the country. At the same time, virtual digital currencies have reduced the ability of the traditional banking sector to influence credit prices.
对于主权国家来说，发币权只有中央政府的央行才有发币权 ，不会允许比特币取代人民币或与人民币挂钩 。
For sovereign countries, only the central bank of the central government has the power to issue the currency. Bitcoin will not be allowed to replace the renminbi or peg it.
此前，央行货币金银局局长王信称，为维护国家货币发行权，保障市场交易秩序和金融稳定，中国货币当局应结合加密货币领域乱象频发、投机盛行，采取有效措施，切实强化对各类虚拟货币的监测监管。
Previously, the Governor of the Central Bank's Monetary and Monetary Bureau, Wang Xin, stated that, in order to preserve the right to issue the national currency and guarantee the order of market transactions and financial stability, China's monetary authorities should take effective measures to strengthen the monitoring and supervision of all types of virtual currency in the context of the proliferation and speculation in the area of cryptography.
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